CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Turkish Commercial Law
 
1. Turkish Commercial Law 
 
27
1.1. Turkish Commercial Code Law No. 6102 
 
28
1.2. Relation Of The TCC, TCL, And TCO 
 
29
1.3. Turkish Protection of Competition Code Law No. 4054 (TCPC) 
 
30
1.4. Turkish Capital Market Law No. 6362 (TCML) 
 
31
1.5. Turkish Law of Checks Law No. 5941 (TLC) 
 
31
CHAPTER 2 Commercial Enterprise in Turkish Commercial Law
 
1. Commercial Enterprıse And Its Factors 
 
35
1.1. Exceeding The Limits Of A Craftsperson’s Income 
 
35
1.2. Aim To Gain Income 
 
36
2. Centre And Branch Offıces 
 
37
CHAPTER 3 Commercial Matters Commercial Provisions Commercial Litigation
 
1.1. Determining Commercial Matters 
 
43
1.1.1. Matters Regulated by the TCC 
 
44
1.1.2. Matters Related with Commercial Enterprises 
 
44
1.1.3. Presumption of Commercial Matters 
 
45
1.1.4. Matters That Are Commercıal For One Of The Parties 
 
46
1.2. Results of Commercial Matters 
 
46
1.2.1. Presumption Of Solidarity 
 
46
1.2.2. Interest In Commercial Matters 
 
47
1.2.3. Exceedıng The Maximum Upper Limit In Commercial Matters 
 
48
1.2.4. Lapse Of Time In Commercial Matters 
 
49
2. Commercial Provisions 
 
50
2.1. Provisions That Can Be Applied To Commercial Matters 
 
51
2.1.1. Statutory Provisions Of Law 
 
51
2.1.2. Contractual Provisions 
 
52
2.1.3. Complementary Commercial Provision 
 
52
2.1.4. Commercial Usage and Custom 
 
53
2.1.5. General Provisions 
 
53
3. Commercial Litigation 
 
54
3.1.1. Peremptory Commercial Cases 
 
54
3.1.2. Proportional Commercial Cases 
 
55
3.2. Commercial Courts in the Turkish Legal System 
 
56
1. Natural Person Traders 
 
59
1.1. Existence Of A Commercial Enterprise 
 
60
1.2. Operating A Commercial Enterprise 
 
60
1.3.Perating Commercial Enterprises On Behalf Of Oneself 
 
62
2. Special Provisions On Natural Person Traders 
 
63
2.1. Traders As MinorsUnder The Care Of A Guardian 
 
63
2.2. People Debarred From Commerce 
 
63
3. Corporate Legal Person Traders 
 
64
3.1. Commercial Companies As Traders 
 
65
3.2. Associations That Operate Commercial Companies 
 
65
3.3. Other Institutions 
 
65
4. Provisions And Results Of Traders 
 
66
4.3. Registering With The Trade Registry 
 
68
4.4.Maintainıng Commercial Books 
 
69
4.5. Actıng As A Prudent Businessperson 
 
69
4.6. Denunciations And Notices 
 
69
4.7.Presumption Of Commercial Affairs 
 
69
4.8.Right To Ask For Payment And Interest 
 
70
4.9. Invoices And Confirmation Letters 
 
71
4.10. Decreases Of Payments And Contracts 
 
71
4.11. Provision Of The Right Of Lien 
 
72
4.12. Registering To Related Chambers 
 
73
4.13.Trade Usage And Custom 
 
73
CHAPTER 5 Assistants Of Traders
 
1. Dependent Trader Assistants 
 
77
1.1. Commercial Representatives 
 
77
1.2. Commercial Deputies 
 
80
1.3. Marketing Associates 
 
82
1.3.1. Obligations Of Marketing Associates 
 
84
1.3.1.1. Following Instructions 
 
84
1.3.1.2. Prohibition From Competition 
 
84
1.3.1.3. Rendering Information 
 
85
1.3.1.4. Lack Of Warranty Obligations 
 
85
1.3.1.5. Working In Commercial Enterprises —Workplace 
 
86
1.3.2. Marketing Associates’ Rights 
 
86
1.3.2.1. Right To Payment 
 
87
1.3.2.2. Right To Monopoly 
 
87
1.3.2.3. Right To Ask For Expenses 
 
88
1.3.2.4. Right of Lien 
 
88
1.3.3. End of Marketing Associate Contracts 
 
89
1.3.3.1. Special Results 
 
90
2. Independent Trader Assistants 
 
90
2.1.1. Payment of Fees 
 
92
2.1.2. Termination of Intermedıary Contracts 
 
93
2.2.1. Competences of Agents 
 
95
2.2.1.1. Transactions and rights–protecting statements 
 
95
2.2.1.2. Competences in courts and litigations 
 
96
2.2.1.3. Transactions with permissionprocuration 
 
96
2.2.1.4. Transactions with permissionprocuration 
 
97
2.2.2. Agents’ Obligations 
 
97
2.2.2.1. Protecting Traders’ Interests 
 
97
2.2.2.2. Liability For Damages 
 
98
2.2.2.3. Notification Of Clients 
 
98
2.2.2.4. Taking Precautions 
 
99
2.2.3. Rights Of Agents 
 
100
2.2.3.1. Right To Remuneration 
 
100
2.2.3.2. Extraordinary Expenses and Interest 
 
103
2.2.3.3. Right To Lien 
 
103
2.2.4. Obligations of Client Traders 
 
104
2.2.5. Termination Of The Agency Contract 
 
105
2.2.7. Prohibition Of Compensation 
 
108
2.3.1. Commissioners In The TCO 
 
110
2.3.1.1. Obligations of Commissioners In the TCO 
 
111
2.3.1.2. Rights of Commissioners In the TCO 
 
111
2.3.2. Commissioners In The TCC 
 
113
2.3.2.1. Obligations Of Freight Forwards In The TCC 
 
113
2.3.2.2. Rights Of Freight Forwards 
 
114
CHAPTER 6 Commercial Books Trade Registry Open Account
 
CHAPTER 7 Trade Name Commercial Enterprise Name Trademarks
 
1.2. Forms Of Trade Names 
 
128
1.2.1. Trade Names Of Natural Person Traders 
 
128
1.2.2. Trade Names Of Legal Entıty Traders 
 
128
1.2.2.1. Ordinary Partnerships 
 
129
1.2.2.2. Collective Partnerships And Commandite Companies 
 
129
1.2.2.3. Joint Stock, Limited, And Cooperatives 
 
129
1.2.2.4. Associations, Foundations, and Associations of Ship–owners 
 
130
1.2.3. Annexes of Trade Names 
 
130
1.3. Continuity And Turnover Of Trade Names, And Branch Office Trade Names 
 
131
1.4. Protection Of Trade Names 
 
132
2. Commercial Enterprise Names 
 
133
3.1. Protectıon of Trademark 
 
135
CHAPTER 8 Investment, Intellectual Property and Patent Rights
 
1. Two Important International Legal Documents 
 
143
2. IP And Patent Rights In Turkish Domestic Law 
 
145
3. Trademarks And Investment 
 
146
4. Patents And Investments 
 
148
5. Industrial Design And Investment 
 
150
6. Geographical Indications And Investment 
 
152
CHAPTER 9 A Brief Introduction to Unfair Competition
 
1. Unfair Competition And Its Elements 
 
155
2. Results Of Unfair Competition 
 
157
2.1.1. Declaratory Judgment Action 
 
158
2.1.2. Actions To Prevent Unfair Competition 
 
158
2.1.3. Action For Restitution 
 
158
2.1.4. Actions For Compensation 
 
159
2.2. Criminal Results 
 
159
CHAPTER 10 Commercial Companies
 
1. Ordinary Partnerships 
 
165
1.1. Dissolution Of Ordinary Partnerships 
 
167
2. Collective Partnerships 
 
168
2.1. The Function Of Collective Partnerships 
 
170
2.1.1. Right To Govern 
 
170
2.1.2. Right To Pay Interest 
 
171
2.1.3. Right To Audit 
 
171
2.1.4. Sharing Of Profits And Losses 
 
172
2.1.5. Prohibition Of Competition 
 
172
2.2. Dissolution Of Collective Companies 
 
173
3. Commandite Companies 
 
174
4. Joint Stock Companies 
 
178
4.1. Establishment Of Joint Stock Companies 
 
178
4.2. Functioning Of Joint Stock Companies 
 
179
4.2.1. BoD In Joint Stock Companies 
 
179
4.2.1.1. BoD Duties And Powers In Joint Stock Companies 
 
183
4.2.1.2. BoD Obligations In Joint Stock Companies 
 
184
4.2.1.3. Bod Member Liabilities 
 
189
4.2.2. Auditors in Joint Stock Companies 
 
190
4.2.3. GA In Joint Stock Companies 
 
194
4.2.3.1. General Provisions On GA Functioning 
 
196
4.2.3.2. Right To Information 
 
199
4.2.3.3. Right To Request Special Audit 
 
200
4.2.3.4. Privileged Shares 
 
201
4.2.3.5. Action To Nullity And Invalidity Of GA Decisions 
 
203
4.2.3.6. Changing The Articles Of Association 
 
204
4.2.3.7. Shares, Share Certificates, And Securities 
 
206
4.2.3.8. Dissolution/Liquidation Of Joint Stock Companies 
 
208
5. Limited Partnerships Divided Into Shares 
 
212
6.1. Rights And Duties Of Shareholders 
 
216
6.2. Organs Of Limited Companies: GA And Managers 
 
219
6.3. Dissolution and Liquidation of limited Companies 
 
225
CHAPTER 11 Legal Framework of Company Merger and Takeover
 
1. TCC, Merger, Takeover, Etc. 
 
230
2. TCPC (Law No. 4054) 
 
234
3. TCML (Law No. 6362) 
 
237
CHAPTER 12 Outbound Acquisitions of Turkish Companies
 
1. General Information And Procedures 
 
245
2. Law On The Protection Of The Value Of The Turkish Currency (LPTC) 
 
247
4. Mutual Investment Incitement And Protection (MIIP) Treaties 
 
249
5. Double Taxation Treaty (DTT) 
 
251
CHAPTER 13 A Brief Introduction to Commercial Papers
 
1. General Provisions 
 
255
2. Negotiable Instruments As Commercial Papers 
 
257
2.1. Bills Of Exchange 
 
257
2.1.2. Responsibilities Of Signatories And Issuers 
 
259
2.2. Promissory Notes 
 
259
2.2.1. Responsibilities Of Issuers 
 
260
CHAPTER 14 A Brief Introduction to Commercial Maritime Law
 
1. What is Commercial Maritime Law? 
 
264
2. Commercial Maritime Law in TCC 
 
264
4. Maritime Trade Agreements 
 
265
5. International Law and Commercial Maritime Law 
 
266
CHAPTER 15 A Brief Introduction to Turkish Insurance Law
 
1. Parties of Turkish Insurance Contracts 
 
269
2. Subject Matters of Insurance, Obligations of Insurer and Obligations of Insured 
 
270
3. Reinsurance and End of Insurance Contract 
 
273
4. Some Important Terms in Insurance Law 
 
273
CHAPTER 16 Capital Market Board
 
1. Capital Market Board 
 
278