AIM AND SCOPE OF THE THESIS 
 
22
PROBLEMS AND KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS 
 
22
STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 
 
23
CONTRIBUTION AND ORIGINALITY OF THESIS 
 
27
DUTY OF CARE OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT STOCK COMPANIES
 
1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE DUTY OF CARE OF DIRECTORS IN JOINT
 
1.1. Place of the Duty of Care in the Law of Obligations and the TCC 
 
29
1.2. Legal Nature of the Duty of Care 
 
34
1.2.1. Legal Nature of the Duty of Care Within the Scope of the
 
1.2.2. Legal Nature of the Duty of Care in Joint Stock Companies 
 
35
1.3. Fundamental Functions of the Duty of Care in the Management of
 
1.3.1. Providing Transparency and Legal Security 
 
37
1.3.2. Identifying the Duties of Directors 
 
38
1.3.3. Contributing to Corporate Governance 
 
38
1.3.4. Role of the Duty of Care in Legal Liability of Directors 
 
39
2.UATION OF THE DUTY OF CARE AS TO PERSON AND TIME 
 
40
2.2.uation of the Duty of Care as to Person 
 
40
2.2.1. Members of the BoD 
 
40
2.2.2. Characteristics of the Duty of Care for Legal Person Members
 
2.2.3. Characteristics of the Duty of Care of Directors of Controlled
 
2.2.3.1. Characteristics in Fully Controlled Companies 
 
43
2.2.3.2. Characteristics in Partially–Controlled Companies 
 
45
2.2.4. Characteristics of the Duty of Care of Independent Members of
 
2.2.5. Characteristics of the Duty of Care of the Chairman and Vice
 
2.2.6. Characteristics of the Duty of Care in Joint Stock Companies
 
2.3. Third Persons in Charge of Management 
 
49
2.3.1. General Overview 
 
49
2.3.2. Examination of Third Persons in Charge of Management 
 
50
2.3.2.1. Third Parties to Whom Management or
 
Representation Authority Has Been Transferred 
 
50
2.3.2.2. Commercial Representatives and Commercial Agents 
 
51
2.3.2.3. De Facto Bodies of Companies 
 
52
2.4.uation of the Duty of Care as to Time 
 
54
2.4.1. General Overview 
 
54
2.4.2. Beginning Period of the Duty of Care 
 
54
2.4.3. Ending Period of the Duty of Care 
 
55
2.5. Joint Stock Company as the Incumbent of the Duty of Care 
 
56
3. SUBJECT OF THE DUTY OF CARE AND CRITERIA REGARDING THE DUTY OF
 
3.2. Acceptance of the Duty of Care 
 
58
3.3. Duty of Care in the Process of Decision–Making 
 
59
3.4. Duty of Care in Determining the Company’s Management
 
3.6. Criteria Regarding the Duty of Care 
 
64
3.6.1. General Overview 
 
64
3.6.2. Subjective Criterion 
 
64
3.6.3. Objective Criterion 
 
65
3.6.4. Objective Criterion in Accordance With Applicable Law 
 
65
4. LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE DUTY OF CARE OF THE MEMBERS OF BoD 
 
67
4.2. Due Cause for Dismissal of the Members of BoD and the Directors 
 
70
4.3. Due Cause for Terminating Joint Stock Companies 
 
70
5. BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE AND THE DUTY OF CARE 
 
71
5.2. Application of the Business Judgment Rule in Turkish Law 
 
72
5.3.uation Regarding the Application of the Business Judgment Rule
 
THE IMPACT OF DIGITALISATION OF COMPANIES
 
TO THE DUTY OF CARE OF DIRECTORS
 
1. EFFECT OF AI (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE) TO THE DUTY OF CARE OF
 
1.2. Regulations Regarding AI 
 
78
1.3. Incorporating AI into Companies 
 
80
1.3.1. Use of AI to Support Human Decision Making 
 
82
1.3.2. Hybrid Model (Amplified AI) 
 
85
1.3.3. Use of AI to Human Beings in Company Boardrooms 
 
86
1.3.3.1. Autonomous AI 
 
86
1.3.3.2. Autopoietic AI 
 
87
1.3.4.uation of AI Models in Company Boardrooms 
 
88
1.3.5.uation of AI Models in Company Boardrooms According to
 
1.4.uation of AI Systems in Terms of Principles of Corporate
 
1.5. Effect of AI–based Technology to the Duty of Care and Liability of
 
1.5.1. General Overview 
 
95
1.5.2.uation of Effect of AI–based Technology Regarding the
 
1.5.2.1. Missed Opportunities 
 
97
1.5.2.2. Falling Traps 
 
98
1.5.2.3. Effect of Not Using AI–based Technologies in
 
Companies to the Duty of Care of the Directors 
 
98
1.5.2.3.1.uation of the Use of AI Systems in
 
Companies in Terms of the Business
 
1.5.3.uation of the Effect of AI–based Technology Regarding
 
1.5.4.uation of the Use of AI in Mergers in Terms of the Duty of
 
Care of the Directors 
 
105
2. EFFECT OF BLOCKCHAIN TO THE DUTY OF CARE OF DIRECTORS 
 
107
2.1. Definition of Blockchain 
 
107
2.2. Operation of Blockchain 
 
110
2.3. Types of Blockchain Technology 
 
111
2.4. Use of Blockchain in Companies and Company Law 
 
111
2.4.1. Use of Blockchain in Registration to the Trade Registry 
 
112
2.4.2. Use of Blockchain in Share Ledger Records 
 
113
2.4.3. Keeping Financial Records in Blockchain 
 
115
2.4.4. Use of Blockchain in AGMs 
 
116
2.4.5. Use of Blockchain in Board Meetings 
 
119
2.5. Contribution of Blockchain to the Corporate Governance Principles 
 
120
2.6.uation of the Relation Between Blockchain Technology and Data
 
Protection in Terms of the Duty of Care of Directors 
 
121
2.7.uation of Blockchain Technology Regarding the Duty of Care of
 
2.7.1.uation of Blockchain Technology in Terms of the Business
 
THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES TO THE DUTY OF CARE OF DIRECTORS
 
1. CONCEPTS OF ESG, CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY(CSR) AND
 
1.1. General Overview 
 
127
1.4. Concept of Sustainability and Sustainable Development 
 
131
1.4.2. The UN Sustainable Development Goals 
 
134
1.4.3. Sustainable Development Plans of Türkiye 
 
136
2. THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLITY ISSUES TO THE DUTY OF CARE OF THE
 
2.1. The Relation Between Sustainability, Sustainable Development and
 
2.2.ution of a Proposal for a Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due
 
Diligence Within the Scope of Duty of care of the Directors 
 
142
2.3.ution of Shell vs. Clientearth Case in Terms of Duty of Care of The
 
Directors as a Case Study 
 
146
2.4.uation of Article 369 of TCC In Accordance With Sustainability
 
2.5.uation of the Business Judgment Rule in Terms of Sustainability