BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTION
2. Electoral System–Electoral Rules–Electoral Law
18
B. OTHER CONCEPTS RELATED TO ELECTION
20
C. DEMOCRACY AND ELECTION
25
1. Types of Democracy and Election
26
b. Representative Democracy
27
c. Multi–Party Democracy
27
2. Type of Representation
28
a. Agency Representation (Delegate Representation)
28
b. Trustee Representation (National Representation)
29
c. Microcosmic Representation
30
d. Mandate Representation (Party Mandate)
31
1. Definition of a Political Party
32
2. Ruling Party vs. Opposition Party
33
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts
35
3. Discussion Questions
36
POLITICAL PARTIES AND PARTY SYSTEMS
A. DEMOCRACY AND POLITICAL PARTIES
39
B. DEFINITION OF POLITICAL PARTIES
40
C. FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES
42
1. Cooperation in the Exercise of Association and Expression
43
2. Cooperation in the Exercise of Government
43
3. Collective Responsibility for Government
44
D. THE HISTORICAL FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES
44
E. THREE DIMENSIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES
46
1. The First Dimension: Inner–party Relation
46
2. The Second Dimension: Status
47
3. The Third Dimension: Inter–party Relations
47
F. CLASSIFICATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES
48
1. OrganizationalMembership–Based Classification
48
2. Function–Based Classification
49
3. Other Classifications
50
1. Duverger’s Division
55
H. NON–PARTISAN DEMOCRACY DEBATE
58
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts
60
3. Discussion Questions
62
SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT AND ELECTORAL LAW
B. KEY FEATURES THAT DEFINE A SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
64
1. Principle of Separation of Power
65
2. Structure of Executive Branch
66
3. Mechanisms of Checks and Balances
67
C. TYPES OF SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT
69
1. Parliamentary System
69
a. Soft Separation of Power
70
b. Dual Executive Structure
71
c. Checks and Balances
73
d. Parliamentary System and Electoral Law
74
2. Presidential System
76
a. Rigid Separation of Power
77
b. Single Executive Power
78
c. Checks and Balances
79
d. Presidential System and Electoral Law
81
3. Semi–Presidential System
82
a. Elected Chief of State
83
b. Competent and Executive Chief of State
83
c. Cabinet Answerable to Parliament
84
d. Semi–Presidential System and Electoral Law
85
D. END OF CHAPTER THREE
86
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts
87
3. Discussion Questions
88
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CRITERIA OF A DEMOCRATIC ELECTION
1. Elections as a Legal Process
92
2. Democratic Legitimacy and Electoral Processes
93
B. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
97
c. Prerequisite Rights
99
a. Universal Suffrage
101
4. Periodic Elections
104
C. END OF CHAPTER FOUR
105
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts
106
3. Discussion Questions
107
1. Definition of Election Administration
110
B. ISSUES RELATED TO ELECTION ADMINISTRATION
113
1. Constituency Delimitation
113
2. Registration of Electors
114
3. Nomination, Parties and Candidates
116
4. Polling, Tabulation and Reporting
117
5. Complaints, Petitions and Appeals
118
6. Respect For Fundamental Rights
120
7. Offences, Penalties and Maintenance of Public Order
121
8. Equal and Fair Media Access
122
9. Public Information and Voter Education
124
10. Observation and Verification
125
C. END OF CHAPTER FIVE
126
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts
127
3. Discussion Questions
128
A. PLURALITY (MARORITY) SYSTEMS
130
1. First Past the Post (FPTP) / Simple Majority
131
2. The Two Round System (TRS)
136
4. Party Block Vote (PBV)
142
5. The Alternative Vote (AV)
144
a. Step–by–step Counting Procedure
145
b. How Transfers Change the Majority
146
c. Exhausted Ballots and Majority Calculation
146
B. PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION SYSTEMS
149
1. List Proportional Representation System
150
a. Calculation Formulas — (how seats are picked from lists)
150
2. The Single Transferable Vote (STV)
154
a. The Counting in STV Proceeds in Stages
155
1. Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)
158
2. Parallel System (Mixed Member Majoritarian System–MMMS)
160
1. Single Non–Transferable Vote (SNTV)
163
D. ELECTORAL SYSTEMS RELATED ISSUES
167
1. District Magnitude
168
2. Electoral Threshold
169
3. The Features of the List
169
d. The Effects of the Type of List
171
E. THE END OF CHAPTER SIX
171
2. Comparative Table of Core Concepts
172
3. Discussion Questions
174
4. Suggested Readings
174