Table of Abbreviations 
 
14
THE NATURE AND DEFINITION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
 
I. DEFINITION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 
 
15
A. Traditional Definition of International Law 
 
15
B. Modern Definition of International Law 
 
16
II. IS INTERNATIONAL LAW A TRUE LAW? 
 
17
SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
 
I. THE SOURCES PROBLEM 
 
21
1. Definition of Treaties 
 
22
2. Formation of Treaties 
 
23
3. Authority to Negotiate, Draft and Sign a Treaty 
 
23
4.1. Consent by Signature 
 
25
4.2. Consent by Exchange of Instruments 
 
25
4.3. Consent by Ratification 
 
25
4.4. Consent by Accession 
 
26
5. Reservations to Treaties 
 
26
6. Entry into Force of Treaties 
 
29
7. Treaty Interpretation 
 
30
8. Successive Treaties 
 
30
9. Invalidity of the Treaties 
 
32
10. Termination and Suspension of Treaties 
 
32
10.1. By Treaty ProvisionAgreement 
 
33
10.3. Impossibility of Performance 
 
33
10.4. Fundamental Change of Circumstances 
 
33
B. Customary International Law 
 
34
2. Opinio Juris (Psychological Element) 
 
35
C. General Principles of Law 
 
35
III. SUBSIDIARY SOURCES 
 
36
IV. UNILATERAL DECLARATIONS 
 
37
SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
 
C. The Territorial Principle 
 
42
D. The Nationality Principle 
 
42
II. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
43
A. Definition and Brief Explanation 
 
43
1. The Key Objectives of the United Nations 
 
45
2. The Organs of the United Nations 
 
46
2.3. International Court of Justice 
 
47
2.4. Economic and Social Council 
 
47
2.5. Trusteeship Council 
 
47
I. MARITIME ZONES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 
 
49
3. Jurisdiction Over Foreign Ships 
 
57
3.1. Criminal Jurisdiction of the Coastal State 
 
57
3.2. Civil Jurisdiction of the Coastal State 
 
58
4. Delimitation of the Territorial Sea 
 
59
D. Exclusive Economic Zone 
 
61
1. Rights and Duties of the Coastal State in the EEZ 
 
61
2. Rights and Duties of Other States in the EEZ 
 
63
1. The Rights and Duties of the Coastal State 
 
63
2. Comparison of Rights and Duties Between the Continental Shelf and the EEZ 
 
65
1. The Freedoms of the High Seas 
 
66
2. What is Flag State Jurisdiction? 
 
66
3. Right of Hot Pursuit 
 
66
II. THE AEGEAN MARITIME DISPUTES 
 
67
A. The Delimitation of Territorial Sea Issue 
 
68
B. The Delimitation of Continental Shelf Issue 
 
70
C. Misuse of FIR Responsibility by Greece 
 
73
III. THE TURKISH STRAITS 
 
74
1. Passage Regime Through the Turkish Straits for Warships in Time of Peace 
 
76
2. Passage Regime Through the Turkish Straits for Warships in Time of War When Türkiye is Not Belligerent 
 
77
3. Passage Regime Through the Turkish Straits for Warships in Time of War When Türkiye is Belligerent 
 
77
4. Passage Regime Through the Turkish Straits for Warships When Türkiye Considers Itself to be Threatened with Imminent Danger of War 
 
77
I. RECOGNITION OF STATES 
 
79
A. Legal Effects of Recognition 
 
79
1. Constitutive Theory 
 
80
B. Modes of Recognition 
 
80
1. De facto Recognition 
 
81
2. De Jure Recognition 
 
81
3. The Distinction Between De Facto and De Jure Recognition 
 
81
C. Forms of Recognition 
 
82
1. Expressed Recognition 
 
82
2. Implied Recognition 
 
82
D. Withdrawal of Recognition 
 
82
II. RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENTS 
 
82
DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR RELATIONS
 
I. DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 
 
83
A. Inviolability of Missions 
 
83
2. Archives, Documents and Official Correspondence 
 
84
B. Immunities and privileges of Diplomatic Agents 
 
85
1. Inviolability of Diplomatic Agents 
 
85
3. Papers, Correspondence and Property 
 
85
4. Personal Immunities from Local Jurisdiction 
 
85
6. Exemption from Taxes 
 
86
7. Exemption from Personal Services 
 
86
8. Members of the Family of a Diplomatic Agent 
 
86
C. Immunities and Privileges of Members of the Administrative and Technical Staff of the Mission 
 
86
D. Immunities and Privileges of Members of the Service Staff of the Mission 
 
86
E. Immunities and Privileges of Private Servants of Members of the Mission 
 
87
F. Duration of Privileges and Immunities 
 
87
G. Term of Office of the Diplomatic Agent 
 
87
II. CONSULAR RELATIONS 
 
87
A. Inviolability of the Consular Premises 
 
88
B. Exemption from Taxation of Consular Premises 
 
88
C. Inviolability of the Consular Archives and Documents 
 
88
D. Inviolability of the Correspondence of the Consulate 
 
88
E. Protection of Consular Officers 
 
89
F. Personal Inviolability of Consular Officers 
 
89
G. Immunity from Jurisdiction 
 
89
III. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR IMMUNITIES AND PRIVILEGES 
 
90
I. ELEMENTS OF AN INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACT OF A STATE 
 
91
II. CIRCUMSTANCES PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS 
 
94
III. REPARATION FOR THE INJURY CAUSED BY THE INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACT 
 
94
IV. DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION 
 
94
THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES BY PEACEFUL MEANS
 
E. Inquiry & Fact–Finding 
 
99
II. JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT 
 
100
B. International Tribunal – The International Court of Justice (ICJ) 
 
100
1. Composition of the ICJ 
 
101
2. The Selection of the Fifteen Judges 
 
101
4. Jurisdiction in Contentious Cases 
 
103
6. Enforcement of Judgments 
 
104
SANCTIONS, COUNTERMEASURES, AND COLLECTIVE SECURITY
 
I. INADIMPLENTI NON EST ADIMPLENDUM (NON–PERFORMANCE EXCUSES NON–PERFORMANCE) 
 
107
III. REPRISALS AND COUNTERMEASURES 
 
108
IV. COLLECTIVE SECURITY 
 
110
V. THE ROLE OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (UNITING FOR PEACE) 
 
112
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
 
I. WHY WAS THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ESTABLISHED? 
 
113
II. WHAT IS THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT? 
 
113
III. THE ORGANS OF THE ICC 
 
115
1. The Pre–Trial Chamber 
 
116
3. The Appeal Chamber 
 
117
C. The Office of the Prosecutor 
 
117
IV. CRIMES WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF THE ICC 
 
118
B. Crimes Against Humanity 
 
119
D. The Crime of Aggression 
 
124
V. COURT PROCEEDINGS AND PROCEDURES 
 
124
A. Initiation of Cases Before the Court 
 
124
B. The Prosecutor’s Initiative to Open an Investigation 
 
124
C. Process Upon Referral of a Situation to the ICC for Investigation 
 
125
D. Warrant of ArrestSummons to Appear 
 
125
E. Procedural Steps Following Issuance of ICC Warrant of Arrest 
 
126
F. The Rights of the Suspect 
 
127
G. Conduct of the Trial 
 
127
H. Appeal and Revision 
 
128
İ. Victims’ Participation 
 
128
J. Protection of Victims Participating in Proceedings 
 
129
K. Decisions Regarding Reparations for Victims at the Conclusion of a Trial 
 
129
L. Witness Protection 
 
130
Further Reading Recommendations 
 
131