ACCOUNTING AND/OR AUDIT SCANDALS 
 
31
1. The Relationship Between Accounting and Auditing 
 
32
2. Some of the Top Accounting/Auditing Scandals of Our Time 
 
35
2.3. Waste Management Scandal 
 
43
2.7. Lehman Brothers Scandal 
 
48
3. Regulations Made After the Scandals 
 
51
3.1. International Regulatory Bodies and Standards 
 
52
3.2. Sarbanes–Oxley (SOX) Act 
 
58
3.3. Impact of Scandals on Independent Audit in Türkiye 
 
62
4. Looking Behind the Scene: A Closer Look at the Wirecard Scandal 
 
65
CURRENT DEBATES ON AUDIT 
 
77
1. A Panoramic View of the Global Audit Industry 
 
80
2. Is the Audit Really Independent? 
 
89
3. Is Financial Audit a Sufficient Instrument to Prevent Scandals? 
 
100
4. PCAOB’s Proposal: Non–Compliance with Laws and Regulations (NOCLAR) 
 
103
5. Objections to PCAOB's Proposal 
 
105
6. How Should We Understand the Strong Opposition to NOCLAR? 
 
108
CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING INTOSAI AUDITING STANDARDS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS 
 
115
2. The INTOSAI Framework of Professional Pronouncements (IFPP) 
 
121
3. Types of Public–Sector Audit and Basic Elements of Public–Sector Auditing 
 
125
4. Challenges in Implementing INTOSAI Auditing Standards and Proposed Solutions 
 
129
4.1. Financial Audit Standards 
 
129
4.2. Compliance Audit Standards 
 
138
4.3. Performance Audit Standards 
 
144
ON THE INCONSISTENCIES OF FINANCIAL AUDIT 
 
157
1. Philosophy of Financial Audit 
 
160
2. Inconsistencies of Financial Audit 
 
164
2.1. Repeatability and Efficiency Dilemma 
 
165
2.2. The Challenge of Designing Audit Procedures in a Double–Entry Accounting System 
 
170
2.3. The Challenge of Deriving Qualitative Results from Quantitative Analysis: Auditor's Responses to the Assessed Risks 
 
178
2.4. The Conundrum in Calculating Audit Risk 
 
184
2.5. Key Audit Matters: Towards Another Audit Type? 
 
195
EPILOGUE: SOME REMARKS ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF AUDITING 
 
209
A DIALOGUE ON THE RELEVANCE OF AUDIT 
 
221