PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
17
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
18
ABOUT THE BOOK & ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
21
CHAPTER 1: CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTIONALISM
1. MEANING OF CONSTITUTION
32
1.1. Definition of Constitution
32
1.2. Content of Constitutions
33
1.2.1. Preliminary Chapter (or Preamble)
33
1.2.2. General Principles Chapter
36
1.2.3. Institutions of the State Chapter
38
1.2.4. Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Chapter
43
1.2.5. Amendment Procedure Chapter
47
1.3. Functions of Constitutions
59
1.4. Essentials of Good Constitutions
60
2. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONS
61
2.1. Written and Unwritten Constitutions
63
2.1.1. Merits and Demerits of Written Constitutions
64
2.1.2. Merits and Demerits of Unwritten Constitutions
65
2.2. Soft and Rigid Constitutions
66
2.2.1. Merits and Demerits of Soft Constitutions
68
2.2.2. Merits and Demerits of Rigid Constitutions
69
2.3. Frame and Regular Constitutions
70
3.1. History of Constitutionalism
71
3.2. Constitutional History of Türkiye
75
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
79
CHAPTER 2: CONSTITUENT AND CONSTITUTED POWER
1.1. The term of Constituent
84
2. CONSTITUTED (AMENDING) POWER
88
2.1. The term of Constituted
88
3. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT PROCEDURES
90
3.2. Parliamentary Procedures
92
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
98
CHAPTER 3: INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTIONS
1. METHODS OF INTERPRETATION
104
1.2. Original Intent and Meaning
106
1.3. Judicial Precedent
108
2. METHODS OF REASONING
114
2.2. Argumentum a Contrario
115
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
119
CHAPTER 4: CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW
3.1. Abstract Review of Law
133
3.2. Concrete Review of Law
134
3.4. A Posteriori Review
135
3.5. Constitutional Complaint
135
4. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN FRANCE, GERMANY AND THE UK
138
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
143
1. THE ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
148
1.3.1. Internal & External Sovereignty
159
1.3.2. Real & Nominal Sovereignty
160
1.3.3. Legal & Political & Popular Sovereignty
160
1.3.4. De Jure & De Facto Sovereignty
161
2. THE THEORIES OF THE STATE
161
2.1. Voluntaristic Theories
162
2.2. Social Contract Theories
162
2.4. Environmental Circumscription
165
2.5. Political Evolution
165
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
168
CHAPTER 6: TYPES OF THE STATE
1. MONARCHY AND REPUBLICS
173
1.1. Definition of Monarchy
174
1.2. Types of Monarchies
174
1.2.1. Absolute Monarchies
174
1.2.2. Constitutional Monarchies
175
1.2.3. Hereditary Monarchies
177
1.2.4. Elective Monarchies
178
1.3. Definition of Republic
179
1.4. Types of Republics
179
2. UNITARY STATES AND UNIONS OF THE STATE
179
2.2. Unions of the States
181
2.2.1. Personal union
182
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
197
CHAPTER 7: GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEMS
1.1. Absolute Monarchy
202
1.3. Assembly Government
204
2. SEPARATION OF POWERS
205
2.1. Parliamentary System
208
2.1.1. Features of Parliamentary System
209
2.1.2. Merits of Parliamentary System
211
2.1.3. Demerits of Parliamentary System
212
2.2. Presidential System
213
2.2.1. Features of Presidential System
216
2.2.2. Merits of Presidential System
216
2.2.3. Demerits of Presidential System
218
2.3. Semi–Presidential System
219
3. GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM OF TÜRKİYE
223
3.1. Features of Turkish Presidential System
224
3.1.1. The Role of the President
224
3.1.2. The Election of the President
224
3.1.3. The Duties and Powers of the President
225
3.1.4. The Criminal Liability of the President
227
3.1.5. The Relationship between the President and Parliament
228
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
230
1. THE ROLES OF LEGISLATURES
237
1.1. Legislature as Agent: Linkage, Representation and Legitimation
237
1.2. Legislature as Principal: Control and Oversight
238
1.2.1. Ways of Parliamentary Scrutiny in Türkiye
239
1.2.2. Parliamentary Checking the Work of Government in the UK
245
1.2.3. Legislature as Legislator: Policy–making vs. Policy–influencing
252
2. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES OF LEGISLATURES
252
2.1. Numbers and Type of Chambers
253
2.2. Numbers, Quality and Consistency of Members
255
3. LAW MAKING PROCESS
257
3.1. Law Making Process in Türkiye
257
3.1.1. Basic Concepts
257
3.1.2. The Right to Introduce Bills
258
3.1.3. Deliberations in the Committees
259
3.1.4. Deliberations in the Plenary
262
3.1.5. Publication of Laws
265
3.2. Law Making Process in England
266
3.2.1. Basic Concepts
266
3.2.2. The Right to Introduce Bills
269
3.2.3. Law making Process for Public Bills
270
3.2.3.1. Pre–Legislative Scrutiny
270
3.2.3.2. Legislative Scrutiny
271
3.2.3.3. Post–Legislative Scrutiny
274
3.2.4. Law Making Process for Private Bills
274
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
278
1. THE CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY
283
2. THE CONCEPT OF DEMOCRACY
285
3. TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
287
3.1. Direct Democracy
287
3.2. Indirect (Representative) Democracy
289
3.3. Semi–Direct Democracy
291
3.4. Majoritarian–Pluralist Democracy
305
4. ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST DEMOCRACY
307
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
312
CHAPTER 10: POLITICAL PARTIES
1. THE CONCEPT OF POLITICAL PARTY
317
1.1. Definition of Political Party
318
1.2. Functions of Political Parties
320
1.2.2. Contesting Elections
321
1.2.4. Representation
324
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICAL PARTY
324
2.2. Political Manifesto
325
2.3. Organisational Structure
326
2.4. Constitution (Regulation)
328
2.5. Institutionalization
329
3.1. Non–Party System
336
3.2. Single Party System
336
3.3. Two–Party System
337
3.4. Dominant Party System
338
3.5. Multi–Party System
338
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
341
2. PRINCIPLES OF SUFFRAGE
350
2.1. From limited franchise to universal suffrage
351
2.2. From inequality in elections to equal suffrage
352
2.3. From non–free elections to free suffrage
353
2.4. From indirect elections to direct vote
354
2.5. From open voting to secret ballot in the elections
354
3.1. Majoritarian Formulas
356
3.1.1. Single–Member Plurality (SMP)–First–Past–The–Post (FPTP)
356
3.1.2. Second Ballot Majority–Run–Off–System–Two Round System (2RS)
359
3.1.3. Second Ballot Majority–The Alternative Vote System
360
3.2. Semi–Proportional Systems
363
3.2.1. Single Transferable Vote (STV)
363
3.2.2. Cumulative Vote
367
3.3. Proportional Representation (Party List Systems)
368
3.3.3. Semi–Closed List
370
3.3.4. Quotas and Divisors
370
3.4.1. Mixed–Member Proportional (MMP)
372
3.4.2. Mixed–Member Majoritarian (MMM)
373
4. ELECTION ADMINISTRATION
375
4.1. Election Management Bodies
375
4.1.1. Election Management Bodies in Türkiye
379
4.2. Pre–electoral Administration
380
4.4. Post–Election Period
381
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
383
1. THE ORIGINS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
388
1.1. Religious Origin of Human Rights
388
1.2. Philosophical Origins of Human Rights
391
1.3. Metaphilosophical Justifications of Human Rights
400
2. CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
403
3. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
406
3.1.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
409
3.1.2. Treaty–Based Human Rights Protection Mechanisms
410
3.1.3. Non–Treaty–Based Human Rights Protection Mechanisms
417
3.2.1. European Convention on Human Rights
419
3.2.2. European Court of Human Rights
419
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FURTHER READING
422
A SELECTION OF WEBSITES OF CONSTITUTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
431