Turkish Private Law Prof. Dr. Mehmet Refik Korkusuz, Prof. Dr. Ferna İpekel Kayalı - Kitap

Turkish Private Law

3. Baskı, 
Ocak 2024
Kitabın Detayları
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İngilizce
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16x24
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482
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9789750289118
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Kitabın Açıklaması
Turkish law has undergone drastic changes over the last 15 years. Indeed, new laws have been enacted and several laws have been amended to modernize and bring Turkish legislation in line with the EU acquis communautaire. For this reason, this book aims to provide an overview of the current Turkish private law. It aspires to serve as a blueprint not only for foreign students and academics, but also for international law firms and organizations. Great care has been given to incorporate the most recent legislation, court decisions, and statistical information.
This book includes eighteen chapters and deals with Civil Law, Property Law, Law of Obligations, Individual Labour Law, Collective Labour Law, Social Security Law, Law on Occupational Health and Safety, Law of Commercial Enterprise, Company Law, Law of Negotiable Instruments, Maritime Law, Insurance Law, Intellectual Property Law, Competition Law, Civil Procedure Law, Execution Law, Bankruptcy and Insolvency Law, and Private International Law.
Kitabın Konu Başlıkları
.
Civil Law
.
Labour Law
.
Company Law
.
Maritime Law
.
Insurance Law
.
Intellectual Property Law
.
Competition Law
.
Civil Procedure Law
Kitapla İlgili Kategoriler
Kitabın İçindekileri
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Chapter 1
TURKISH CIVIL LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER Dr. M. Hasanali AKAY Res. Asst. Yasin BÜYÜK Res. Asst. Melike ERGÜN 
37
Chapter 2
TURKISH PROPERTY LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER 
59
Chapter 3
SELECTED CONTRACTS IN
TURKISH LAW OF OBLIGATIONS
 Dr. M. Hasanali AKAY Res. Asst. Murat UÇAK 
79
Chapter 4
TURKISH INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ömer UĞUR 
111
Chapter 5
TURKISH COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail ÇEKİÇ Didem YALÇINTAŞ 
139
Chapter 6
TURKISH SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Dr. Ebru YEŞİLMEN 
161
Chapter 7
TURKISH LAW ON OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Halit KORKUSUZ 
209
Chapter 8
TURKISH LAW OF COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
 Dr. Emin ÇAMURCU 
223
Chapter 9
TURKISH COMPANY LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 
239
Chapter 10
TURKISH LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
 Att. Hasan Onur AKAY 
261
Chapter 11
TURKISH MARITIME LAW
 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hacı KARA 
279
Chapter 12
TURKISH INSURANCE LAW
 Res. Asst. Sena YAZICI 
349
Chapter 13
TURKISH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
 Asst. Prof. Dr. Özgür ARIKAN 
367
Chapter 14
TURKISH COMPETITION LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 
387
Chapter 15
TURKISH CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW
 Dr. Elif Irmak BÜYÜK 
413
Chapter 16
TURKISH EXECUTION LAW
 Res. Asst. Çağatay Serdar ŞAHİN 
451
 Att. Nefise Gökçen GÜRCAN 
451
Chapter 17
TURKISH BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY LAW
 Asst. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Akif GÜL 
469
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 
5
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
11
Chapter 1
TURKISH CIVIL LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER Dr. M. Hasanali AKAY Res. Asst. Yasin BÜYÜK Res. Asst. Melike ERGÜN 
37
I. History 
37
II. Introduction 
38
III. Law of Persons 
38
A. Beginning and End of Personality: 
39
B. Ability to be Subject of the Rights and Obligations: 
39
C. Capacity to Act: 
40
1. Full Capacity (Art. 9–13 TCC) 
40
2.Full Incapacity (Art. 15 TCC) 
41
3.Limited Capacity (Art. 16 TCC) 
41
IV. Family Law 
42
A. Engagement 
42
B. Marriage 
42
1. Formalities of Marriage 
43
2. Marriage Impediments (Art. 129–133 TCC) 
43
C. Divorce 
44
V. Law of Succession 
45
A. Forced Heirs 
46
1. Wills and Testamentary Contracts 
46
VI. Turkish Obligation Law – General Provisions 
47
A. Contracts 
47
1. Capacity to Contract 
48
2. Formation of the Contract 
48
3. Conditions of Validity 
49
a. Immorality 
49
b. Public Order 
49
c. Imperative Rules 
49
d. Personal Rights 
50
e. Impossibility 
50
4. Form of the Contract 
50
5. Genuineness of Assent 
51
a. Mistake 
51
b. Fraud 
52
c. Coercion 
52
B. Torts 
52
1. General 
52
2. Conditions 
52
3. Compensation 
53
C. Unjust Enrichment 
53
VII. Special Provisions 
53
A. Classification of Contracts That Are Regulated By Special Provisions 
54
1. Classification of contracts by their subject and purpose. 
54
a. Sales Contracts 
54
b. Barter 
54
c. Donation Contracts 
54
d. Other types of contracts 
54
i. Rental Contract 
54
ii. Contract of Loan of an Object for Use and Contract of Loan of an Object for Consume 
55
e. Contract of bailment 
55
f. Contracts of guarantee 
55
2. Contracts that are not regulated in the Code 
55
a. Combined Contracts 
55
b. Mixed Contracts 
55
Bibliography 
56
Chapter 2
TURKISH PROPERTY LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER 
59
I. Generally 
59
A. Property right 
59
II. Immovable Property 
59
III. Real Rights (Rights in Rem) 
60
A. Limited rights in rem 
60
1. Servitudes 
60
2. Real burdens 
60
a. Lien 
60
b. Mortgage 
61
IV. Possession 
61
V. Land Register 
61
A. Generally 
61
B. The role of registration in the transfer of title 
61
1. Introduction 
61
2. Relevant Turkish rules 
62
3.The publicity principle and the registration principle 
63
a.The Absolute Registration Principle (absolutes Eintragungsprinzip) 
64
(1) Generally 
64
(2) Nature and meaning of this principle 
66
(3) The reason for the absolute registration principle 
66
(4) Transfer of ownership of real estate through land registration (the field of application of the absolute registration principle) 
66
(a) Generally 
66
(b) Elements of the transfer 
67
b. The relative registration principle (relative Eintragungsprinzips) 
74
4. Conclusion 
74
Bibliography 
76
Chapter 3
SELECTED CONTRACTS IN TURKISH LAW OF
OBLIGATIONS
 Dr. M. Hasanali AKAY Res. Asst. Murat UÇAK 
79
SECTION I CONTRACT FOR WORK AND SERVICES 
79
I. General 
79
II. Definition 
79
III. Obligations of the Contractor 
80
A. Duty of Care 
80
B. Duty of Loyalty 
81
C. Obligation Regarding the Material 
81
D. Commencement of the Work and Performance of the Work Related with the Contract 
82
E. Liability for Defect 
83
IV. Obligations of the Customer 
84
A. Payment 
84
1. Due Date for Payment 
84
2. Lump Sum Price 
84
3. Price Ad Valorem 
85
V. Termination of the Contract 
85
A. Exceeding the Approximate Price (Art. 482 CO) 
85
B. Destruction of the Work (Art. 483 CO) 
86
C. Withdrawal in Return for Indemnity (Art. 484 CO) 
86
D. Impossibility of the Performance of the Work Because of the Customer (Art. 485 CO) 
86
E. DeathIncapacity of the Contractor (Art. 486 CO) 
87
SECTION II GENERAL EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 
87
I. Definition 
87
II. Elements of the Employment Contract 
87
A. Obligation to Work 
87
B. To Undertake the Performance of the Work for a LimitedUnlimited Period 
88
C. Payment 
88
D. Dependency Relation 
88
E. Agreement 
89
III. Obligations of the Employee 
89
A. Duty to Assume the Tasks in Person 
89
B. Compliance with General Directives and Instructions 
89
C. Duty of Care 
90
D. Duty of Loyalty 
90
E. Disclosure and Handing Over of Benefits Received and of the Work Produced 
91
F. Duty to Work Overtime 
92
IV. Obligations of the Employer 
92
A. Payment of Wages 
92
B. Obligation to Provide Tools and Material 
93
C. Obligation to Bear the Expenses 
93
D. Obligation of the Employer Related to the Protection of the Employee’s Personality Rights 
93
E. Obligation to Comply with the Employee’s Right to Holiday and Leave 
94
V. Termination of the Employment Contract 
95
A. Termination of the Fixed–Term Employment Contract 
95
B. Termination of the Employment Contract with Indefinite Term 
95
C. Rightful Termination of the Employment Contract 
96
D. Termination of the Employment Contract Upon Death 
97
SECTION III LEASE CONTRACT 
97
I. Definition and Parties of the Lease 
97
II. Term of the Lease 
98
III. Obligations of the LandlordLessor 
98
VI. Obligations of the LesseeTenant 
99
V. Special Cases 
100
VI. End of Lease 
102
VII. Provisions Related to Commercial and Residential Premises 
103
SECTION IV CONTRACT OF MANDATE 
106
I. Definition and Scope of Application 
106
II. Obligations of the Mandatary 
107
III. Obligations of the Mandator 
108
IV. Termination of the Mandate 
109
Bibliography 
110
Chapter 4
TURKISH INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ömer UĞUR 
111
SECTION I GENERAL 
111
I. Basic Concepts of Individual Labour Law 
111
A. Employee 
111
B. Employer 
112
C. Apprentice (Çırak) 
113
D. Intern (Stajyer) 
113
E. Contract of Employment (İş Sözleşmesi) 
114
II. Scope of the Labour Code 
114
A. Works within the Scope of the Labour Code 
114
B. Works outside the Scope of the Labour Code 
115
SECTION II TYPES OF CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 
117
I. General 
117
II. Transitory and Permanent Contract of Employment 
117
A. Transitory Contract of Employment (Süreksiz İş Sözleşmesi) 
118
B. Permanent Contract of Employment (Sürekli İş Sözleşmesi) 
118
C. Consequences of the Distinction between Transitory and Permanent Contract of Employment 
118
III. Contract of Employment with Indefinite Term and Definite Term 
118
A. Contract of Employment with an Indefinite Term (Belirsiz Süreli İş Sözleşmesi) 
119
B. Contract of Employment with a Definite Term (Belirli Süreli İş Sözleşmesi) 
119
1. Legal ments of the Contract of Employment with a Definite Term 
119
IV. Part Time and Full Time Contract of Employment 
120
V. Contract of Employment with Trial Period (Deneme Süreli İş Sözleşmesi) 
121
SECTION III TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 
122
I. Situations Resulting in the Termination of the Contract of Employment 
122
A. Mutual Rescission (İkale) 
122
B. End of the Fixed Term 
122
C. Death 
123
II. Termination of the Contract of Employment upon Notice (İş Sözleşmesinin Bildirimli Feshi) 
123
A. General 
123
B. Termination Notice Periods (Fesih Bildirim Süreleri) 
124
III. Termination of the Contract of Employment upon Notice that Contains a Valid Ground (İş Sözleşmesinin Geçerli Nedenle Feshi) 
125
A. General 
125
B. Valid Grounds for Termination 
125
IV. Rightful Termination of the Contract of Employment (İş Sözleşmesinin Haklı Nedenle Feshi) 
126
A. General 
126
B. Termination of the Contract by Employees 
127
1. Health issues 
127
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith 
127
3. Act of providence 
128
C. Termination of the Contract by Employers 
128
1. Health issues 
128
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith 
129
3. Act of providence 
130
4. Absence due to an arrestdetention 
130
V. Results of the Termination of the Contract of Employment 
131
A. Severance Pay (Kıdem Tazminatı) 
131
B. Pay in Lieu of Notice (İhbar Tazminatı) 
132
C. Payment of Annual Paid Leave (Yıllık Ücretli İzin Ücreti) 
132
D. Reemployment Lawsuit (İşe İade Davası) 
133
SECTION IV LABOUR JUDICIARY 
133
I. General 
133
II. Competence and Venue 
134
A. Competence (Görev) 
134
B. Venue (Yetki) 
134
III. Procedure 
135
A. Mandatory Mediation (Zorunlu Arabuluculuk) 
135
B. Trials (Yargılama) 
136
Bibliography 
137
Chapter 5
TURKISH COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail ÇEKİÇ Didem YALÇINTAŞ 
139
SECTION I UNIONS 
140
I. The Concept of Union and Its Structure 
140
A. Definition and Features of Unions 
140
B. Formation of Unions 
141
C. Membership of Unions 
142
D. Organs of Unions 
143
II. Trade Union Freedom 
144
A. Trade Union Freedom and Its Features 
144
B. Protection of Trade Union Freedom 
145
1. Safeguards Provided for Workers’ Organization Officials (İşçi Kuruluşu Yöneticiliğinin Güvencesi) 
145
2. Protection of Shop Stewards (İşyeri Sendika Temsilciliğinin Güvencesi) 
146
3. Safeguards Provided for Trade Union Membership 
147
SECTION II COLLECTIVE LABOUR AGREEMENT 
147
I. Definition and Properties of Collective Labour Agreements 
147
II. Types of Collective Labour Agreements 
148
A. Workplace Collective Labour Agreement 
148
B. Group Collective Labour Agreement 
149
C. Enterprise Collective Labour Agreement 
149
D. Framework Agreement 
149
III. Capacity and Competence to Conclude a Collective Labour Agreement 
150
IV. Collective Bargaining Process (Toplu Görüşme Süreci) 
151
A. Invitation to Collective Bargaining 
151
B. Negotiations 
152
V. Strikes, Lock–Outs and Their Exceptions 
153
A. Decision to StrikeLock–out 
153
B. Strike Ballot 
154
C. Prohibition and Suspension of Strikes and Lock–Outs 
155
D. Execution of Strikes and Lock–Outs 
156
E. Effects of Lawful StrikesLock–Outs on Individual Employment Contracts 
156
F. Consequences of an Unlawful StrikeLock–Out 
157
G. Termination of Strikes and Lock–Outs 
157
Bibliography 
159
Chapter 6
TURKISH SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Res. Asst. Dr. Ebru YEŞİLMEN 
161
SECTION I INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL SECURITY LAW 
161
I. Concept of Social Insurance 
161
II. Models Affecting Social Security Perception 
162
A. The Bismarck Model 
162
B. Beveridge Model 
163
C. Private Insurance Model 
163
III. Techniques Used For Social Insurance 
163
IV. Attributes of Social Insurance 
164
V. The Social Insurance Institution 
164
VI. Financing of Social Security 
165
SECTION II FIELD OF APPLICATION OF SOCIAL INSURANCES 
168
I. Field of Application in Terms of Persons 
168
A. Individuals Who Are Deemed to be Insured 
168
1. Insurance of Individuals Working Dependently 
168
2. Insurance of Independent Workers 
171
3. Insurance of Public Servants 
172
4. Insurance of Foreigners 
173
B. Insurance Holders Who Are Deemed Partly Insured 
175
C. Individuals Who Are Not Deemed to be Insurance Holders 
177
II. Notification of the Beginning of Insurance 
179
III.Determination of Insurance by Judicial Decision (Service Detection Actions) 
181
IV. Overlap of Insurance Situations 
182
V. Consolidation of Insurance Periods 
183
VI. Voluntary Insurance 
184
A. General 
184
B. ments for Voluntary Insurance 
185
C. Principles of Voluntary Insurance 
186
D. Termination of Voluntary Insurance 
186
VII. Scope of Application in Terms of Location 
187
SECTION III TYPES OF SOCIAL INSURANCE 
187
I. Work Accident and Occupational Disease Insurance 
188
II. Illness Insurance 
191
III. Maternity Insurance 
191
IV. Invalidity Insurance 
192
V. Old–Age Insurance 
193
VI. Survivors’ Insurance 
194
VII. Unemployment Insurance 
194
VIII. General Health Insurance 
195
SECTION IV RIGHT OF RECOURSE IN SOCIAL SECURITY LAW 
195
SECTION V SERVICE OWING 
198
I. Periods That Can Be Owed 
198
A. Unpaid Maternity Leave Periods and Postnatal Periods 
199
B. Military Service Period 
200
C. Incomplete Periods of Those Who Work Under a Part–Time Employment Contract 
200
II. Principles 
201
III. Owing Services Abroad 
202
SECTION VI SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES 
202
I. Social Assistance 
202
II. Social Services 
203
III. Nongovernmental Organizations and Social Security 
204
SECTION VII PRIVATE PENSION SYSTEM 
204
Bibliography 
206
Chapter 7
TURKISH LAW ON OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY
 Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Halit KORKUSUZ 
209
SECTION I TASKS OF THE STATE 
209
I. Importance of Ensuring Occupational Health and Safety 
209
II. Constitutional Basis of Occupational Health and Safety 
209
III. Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 
210
IV. National Council of Occupational Health and Safety 
210
V. Insurance Premium Reinforcement System 
210
VI. Inspection of Occupational Health and Safety 
210
SECTION II EMPLOYERS’ DUTIES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORKSITE 
211
I. Employers’ Duties 
211
A. Duty to Take All Necessary Precautions 
211
B. Duty to Supervise 
211
C. Duty of Training and Informing 
211
D. Duty to Perform Risk Assessment 
212
E. Duty to Perform Healthcare Supervision 
212
F. Duty to Report Work Accident and Record–Keeping 
213
G. Other Duties 
213
II. Organization of the Worksite about Occupational Health and Safety 
213
A. Committee of Occupational Health and Safety (İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kurulu) 
213
B. Occupational Safety Experts (İş Güvenliği Uzmanları) 
214
C. Occupational Physicians (İşyeri Hekimleri) 
214
D. Worksite Health and Safety Unit (İşyeri Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi) and Health and Safety Joint Unit (Ortak Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi) 
215
SECTION III EMPLOYEES’ RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 
215
I. Employees’ Rights 
215
A. Right to Abstain from Work 
216
B. Right to Participate 
217
C. Right to File a Complaint to Administrative Authorities (İhbar Hakkı) 
217
D. Right to Terminate the Employment Contract with Valid Reason 
218
II. Employees’ Duties 
218
SECTION IV OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SANCTIONS 
219
I. Administrative Sanctions 
220
A. Administrative Fines 
220
B. Suspension of the work 
220
C. Disqualification from tendering 
220
II. Penal Sanctions 
221
III.Legal Sanctions 
221
Bibliography 
222
Chapter 8
TURKISH LAW OF COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
 Dr. Emin ÇAMURCU 
223
SECTION I COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 
223
I. Elements of Commercial Enterprise 
224
A. Aiming to Produce an Income Higher Than the Artisan Enterprise 
224
B. Continuity 
224
C. Independence 
224
II. Contracts Related with Commercial Enterprises 
225
SECTION II NOTIONS RELATED TO COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 
225
I. Merchant 
225
A. Identifying a Merchant 
226
1. Natural Persons 
226
2. Legal Persons 
226
B. Consequences of Being a Merchant 
227
1. Bankruptcy 
227
2. Role of Commercial Usage and Custom 
227
3. Impossibility to Request Reduction of the FeeContractual Penalty 
228
4. Right to Demand Payment of a Remuneration and Interest 
228
II. Commercial Affair (Ticari İş) 
228
A. Presumption of Commercial Affair 
229
B. Consequences of Qualifying an Affair as Commercial Affair 
230
1. Presumption of Joint Liability 
230
2. Interest in Commercial Affairs 
230
3. Statute of Limitation Periods in Commercial Affairs 
231
III. Commercial Clauses 
231
IV. Merchant Assistants 
233
A. Commercial Representative (Ticari Temsilci) 
233
B. Commercial Delegate (Ticari Vekil) 
234
C. Agent (Acente) 
235
Bibliography 
237
Chapter 9
TURKISH COMPANY LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 
239
SECTION I OVERVIEW OF COMPANY LAW IN TURKEY 
239
I. General 
239
II. Commercial Companies 
240
SECTION II CAPITAL COMPANIES 
241
I. Joint Stock Companies 
241
A. General Assembly 
242
B. Board of Directors 
247
C. Shareholders’ Rights 
250
1. Personal Rights of the Shareholders 
250
a. Right of participation in the GM: 
250
b. Right to vote: 
250
c. Right to information and examination: 
250
d. Right to request the appointment of special audit: 
251
e. Right to request the nullity of GM resolutions: 
252
2. Financial Rights of the Shareholders 
252
D. Share Transfer 
252
II. Limited Liability Companies 
253
A. General Assembly 
254
B. Directors 
257
C. Share Transfer 
258
Bibliography 
259
Chapter 10
TURKISH LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
 Att. Hasan Onur AKAY 
261
SECTION I GENERAL 
261
I. Definition and Legislation 
261
II. Elements and Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments 
262
A. Elements of Negotiable Instruments 
262
B. Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments 
263
III. Classification of Negotiable Instruments 
263
A. Classification Based on the Right Embodied in the Instrument 
264
1. Instruments Embodying a Monetary Claim (Alacak Senetleri) 
264
2. Commodity Instruments (Emtia Senetleri) 
264
3. Equity/Share Instruments (Pay Senetleri) 
264
4. Instruments That Serve to Participate in Capital Companies (Ortaklığa Katılma Senetleri) 
264
5. Combined Instruments (Karma Nitelikli Senetler) 
265
B. Classification Based on the Transfer Procedure of the Instrument 
265
1. Registered Negotiable Instruments (Nama Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 
265
2. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Order (Emre Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 
265
3. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Bearer (Hamile/Hamiline Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak) 
266
SECTION II COMMERCIAL PAPERS 
266
I. General 
266
II. Bills of Exchange 
267
A. Form of a Bill of Exchange 
267
B. Transfer of Bills of Exchange 
268
C. Acceptance (Kabul) 
270
D. Recourse for Non–AcceptanceNon–Payment 
271
E. Period of Limitation 
271
III. Promissory Notes 
271
A. General 
271
B. Form of a Promissory Note 
272
C. Period of Limitation 
272
IV. Checks 
273
A. General 
273
B. Form of a Check 
273
C. Period of Presentation 
275
D. Transfer of Checks 
276
E. Recourse for Non–AcceptanceNon–Payment 
276
F. Period of Limitation 
276
Bibliography 
277
Chapter 11
TURKISH MARITIME LAW
 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hacı KARA 
279
SECTION I SOURCES OF TURKISH MARITIME LAW AND THE STRUCTURE MARITIME ADMINISTRATION 
279
I. Sources of Turkish Maritime Law 
279
A. Turkish Commercial Code 
279
B. International Conventions 
280
C. Other National Legislation 
281
II. The Structure Turkish Maritime Administration 
282
SECTION II SHIP AND OWNERSHIP OF A SHIP 
285
I. Definition and Legal Nature of a Ship 
285
A. Definition 
285
B. The Legal Nature of a Ship 
286
C. Some Elements Determining the Identity of a Ship 
287
1. Name of the Ship 
287
2. Flag of the Ship 
287
a. General 
287
b. Vessels which have the right to hoist a Turkish flag 
288
ba. Ships owned by real persons 
288
bb. Ships owned by the association of ship owners 
288
bba. Ships owned legal entities 
288
bbb. Ships owned by commercial companies 
288
c. Temporary hoisting of a foreign flag by Turkish vessels 
289
d. Temporary hoisting of a Turkish flag by foreign vessels 
289
3. Ship’s (Vessel’s) Home Port 
289
4. Ship’s Tonnage 
290
5. Ship’s Class 
290
6. Ship Registry 
290
a. National Ship Registry 
290
aa. Ship Registry Directorate 
291
ab. Scope of the Registry 
291
aba. Ships which can lawfully be registered with the Ship Registry 
291
abb. Ships which cannot be registered with the Ship Registry 
292
b. Registry for Ships under Construction 
292
c. Turkish International Ship Registry (TISR) 
292
ca. ments to register in the TISR 
292
cb. Financial Rules relating to TISR 
293
cba. Dues regarding vessels registered with the TISR 
293
cbb. Financial facilities provided to vessels registered with the TISR 
294
d. Mooring Log 
295
II. Ownership of a Vessel 
295
A. Exercitor Navis (Donatan) 
296
1. Cases Which Result in the Liability of the Owner 
296
a. Owner’s Liability Arising from the Fault of the Crew Members 
296
b. Owner’s Liability Arising from the Transactions Carried out by the Master 
296
c. Limitation of the Master’s Liability 
296
2. Owner’s Liability for Tortious Acts 
296
3. Authorized Court for Actions to Be Filed Against the Owner 
296
B. Ship Operator (Disponent Owner) 
297
C. Partnership Operating a Ship (Joint Ownership) 
297
III. Limited Real Rights on Ships 
297
A. Ship Pledge 
297
1. The Pledge of not Registered Ships in Ship Registry 
297
2. Pledge of Ships Registered in the Registry 
297
a. Legal Mortgage Right of Shipyard Owner 
297
aa. Deion 
297
ab. Scope 
298
ac. Duration 
298
b. Contractual Mortgage Right 
298
B. Ship Mortgage 
298
1. Legal Nature 
298
3. Establishment 
299
4. Types of Mortgage 
299
a. Ship Mortgage Together 
299
b. Upper Limit Mortgage 
299
c. Foreign Currency Mortgage 
299
d. Fixed Value Mortgage 
299
e. Mortgage of Negotiable Instruments 
300
f. Building Mortgage 
300
5. The Secured Receivables by Ship Mortgage 
300
6. Scope of Mortgage 
300
7. Assignment and ment of Ship Mortgage 
300
9. End of Ship Mortgage 
301
a. Expiration of Receivable 
301
b. Waiver to Claimant’s 
301
c. Merger of the creditor and the ownerthe creditor and debtor adjectives in the same person 
301
d. In the Mortgage of the Ship Together Payment of the Owner to the Creditor 
301
e. Be Timebared of Right of the Creditor's Against the Ship Owner 
302
f. Sale of the Ship through Execution 
302
III. Mortgages on Ships in Construction 
302
1. Subject of the Mortgage 
302
2. Establisment of Mortgage 
302
IV. Usufruct Right on Ships 
303
SECTION III MASTER 
303
I. General 
303
II. Master’s Duties 
303
III. Master’s Powers 
305
A. To Represent the Owner 
305
1. When the Ship is at the Home Port 
305
2. Whilst the Ship is Outside the Home Port 
305
B. Credit Transactions 
305
C. Undertaking for Foreign Exchanges 
306
D. LimitationsRemoval of the Master’s Power of Representation 
306
E. Master’s Power to Represent the Persons Interested with the Cargo 
306
1. Duty to Protect the Interests of the Persons Interested with the Cargo 
306
2. Master’s Power to Dispose of the Goods 
307
IV. Master’s Duties and Rights 
307
A. Duties AgainstThird Parties 
307
B. Duties Against the Owner 
307
1. Duty to Give Information to the Owner 
307
2. Duty to Hand Over the Freight and Other Sums to the Owner 
308
3. Prohibition to Load Cargo on His Own Account 
308
SECTION IV MARITIME TRADE CONTRACTS 
308
I. Bareboat Charter Party 
308
A. Definition and Its Elements 
309
1. Definition 
309
2. Elements of the Definition 
309
B. Provisions of the Bareboat Charter 
309
1. Rights of the Charterer 
309
a. Right to use the ship 
309
b. Right to request the registration of the charter in the ship registry 
310
c. Right to request the delivery of the chartered vessel 
310
2. Obligations of the Charterer 
310
a. Obligation to pay the rent 
310
b. Employment of the seamen 
310
c. Reimbursement of the expenditures 
310
d. Insurance 
311
e. Claims arising from the operation of the ship 
311
f. Re–delivery of the vessel 
311
II. Time Charter Party 
311
A. Definition and Its Elements 
311
1. Definition 
311
2. Legal Nature 
311
3. Elements of the Definition 
313
B. Rights and Obligations of the Parties 
313
1. To undertake the technical management of the ship 
313
2. Commercial management of the ship 
313
3. To meet the outgoings 
313
C. Obligation to pay a fee and its guarantee 
314
D. Liability of the allocated party and his obligation to deliver the ship 
314
III. Contract of Affreightment 
314
A. Definition and Types of Affreightment Contracts 
314
1. Definition 
314
2. Types 
315
a. Voyage Charter 
315
aa. Full Charter 
315
ab. Partial Charter 
315
b. Contracts in Liner Shipping 
315
B. Main Freight Contracts and Sub–Freight Contracts 
315
C. Parties to the Affreightment Contract 
316
1. Carrier 
316
2. Charterer 
316
D. Other Persons Interested with the Cargo 
317
1. Shipper 
317
2. Consignee (Receiver) 
317
E. Execution of the Carriage and Its Phases 
317
1. Loading 
317
a. Loading Place 
318
b. Loading Period 
318
ba. Calculation of the Loading Period 
318
bb. Cases which are not accepted as loading period 
318
c. Demurrage Period 
318
d. Loading Expenses 
319
2. Discharge 
319
a. Discharge Expenses 
319
b. Discharge Period 
319
c. Non–discharge of the cargo 
320
F. Liability of the Carrier 
320
1. Liability for the Irregularities Occurred at the Outset 
320
2. Liability of the Carrier for Loss ofDamage to Cargofor Late Delivery 
321
3. Special Situations 
321
a. Loading the cargo to another ship and transhipment 
321
b. Loading onto deck without permission 
322
c. Unjust deviation 
322
4. Duration for Which the Carrier is Liable 
322
G. Carriage Documents 
322
1. Bill of Lading (B/L) 
323
2. Sea Waybill 
323
H. Duration for Acceptance of Delay and the Loss of Goods 
323
IV. Contract of Carriage of Passengers 
323
A. Definitions 
324
1. Contract of Carriage of Passengers by Sea 
324
2. Carrier and Actual Carrier 
324
3. Passenger 
324
4. Baggage 
324
5. Defects of the Ship 
325
B. Time Bar 
325
SECTION V MARINE ACCIDENTS 
325
I. General Average 
325
A. Definitions and Its Elements 
325
1. Definition 
325
2. Elements of General Average 
326
B. Substitution Expenses 
326
C. Dispatch 
327
1. The person responsible for making the dispatch 
327
2. Determination of the Dispatcher 
327
3. Opposition to the dispatch 
327
D. Debtors of the Dispatch Shares and Security 
328
1. Debtors of the Dispatch Shares 
328
2. Guarantee 
328
E. Time Bar 
328
II. Collision 
328
A. Definition of Collision and Its Types 
329
1. Definition 
329
2. Types of Collision 
329
a. Collision without fault 
329
b. Collision by fault 
329
ba. Collision by unilateral fault 
329
bb. Collision by bilateral fault 
329
c. Comparative Collision 
330
B. Damages to Be Indemnified as a Result of Collision 
330
1. Material Damages 
330
2. Bodily Damages 
330
C. Time Bar 
331
III. Salvage 
331
A. Definitions 
331
1. Salvage Operation 
331
2. Water Vehicle 
332
3. Goods 
332
B. Salvage Contract 
332
1. Salvage Contract and its Scope 
332
2. The Provisions Which Could Not Be Changed 
332
C. Obligations of the Parties 
332
1. Obligations of the Salvor 
332
2. Obligations of the Ownerthe Master of the Ship Under Danger and the Cargo Owners 
333
D. Salvage Fee 
333
1. Scope of the Salvage Fee 
333
2. Criteria for the Determination of the Salvage Fee 
334
3. Persons Liable for Salvage Fee 
334
E. Time Bar 
335
SECTION VI MARITIME LIENS AND ENFORCEMENT 
335
I. Maritime Liens 
335
A. Notion of Maritime Lien 
336
B. Claims Granting a Right of Maritime Lien 
336
II. Maritime Enforcement 
337
A. Maritime Claims 
337
B. Taking Maritime Claims under Guarantee 
339
1. Precautionary Attachment 
339
2. Conditions Applicable to the Precautionary Attachment 
339
C. Competent Court 
340
1. About the precautionary attachment decision 
340
a. Before filing a lawsuit 
340
aa. For Turkish flag vessels 
340
ab. For foreign flag vessels 
340
b. After filing a lawsuit 
340
2. About the Oppositions to the Lien 
340
3. About the Enforcement 
341
4. About the Indemnity Action filed due to Unjust Precautionary Attachment 
341
D. The Claimant’s Guarantee 
341
SECTION VII LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION OF LOSSES ARISING FROM OIL POLLUTION 
342
I. Liability For Sea Pollution 
342
II. Limitation of Liability 
342
Bibliography 
344
Chapter 12
TURKISH INSURANCE LAW
 Res. Asst. Sena YAZICI 
349
SECTION I INTRODUCTION 
349
SECTION II THE INSURANCE ACT (LAW NO. 5684) 
350
I. Insurance and Reinsurance Companies (Sigorta ve Reasürans Şirketleri) 
350
II. Intermediaries (Sigorta Aracıları) 
351
III. Supervision 
352
IV. Assurance Account (Güvence Hesabı) 
352
V. Insurance Arbitration Scheme (Sigorta Tahkim Sistemi) 
352
SECTION III INSURANCE CONTRACTS 
354
I. General Provisions 
354
A. Obligations and Duties of the Insurer 
355
1. Obligation to carry the risk 
355
2. Pre–contractual information duty 
356
3. Obligation to issue and deliver policy 
357
4. Obligation to pay expenses 
357
5. Obligation to pay indemnity 
357
B. Obligations and Duties of the Insured 
358
1. Obligation to pay premium 
358
2. Duty of disclosure 
358
3. Duty to Provide Information and to Allow Investigation 
359
4. Duty to Prevent LossIncrease in Loss 
360
II. Special Provisions 
360
A. Indemnity Insurances (Zarar Sigortaları) 
361
1. Property Insurance (Mal Sigortası) 
361
2. Liability Insurance (SorumlulukSigortası) 
362
B. Personal Insurances (Can Sigortaları) 
363
1. Life Insurance (Hayat Sigortası) 
363
2. Accident Insurance (Kaza Sigortası) 
364
3. Sickness Insurance and Health Insurance (Hastalık ve Sağlık Sigortası) 
364
Bibliography 
365
Chapter 13
TURKISH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
 Asst. Prof. Dr. Özgür ARIKAN 
367
SECTION 1 TRADE MARK LAW 
368
I. Definition and Registrability of Trade Mark 
369
II. Persons Who Are Entitled to Protection 
370
III. Functions of Trade Mark 
370
IV. Registration of Trade Mark 
371
V. Absolute and Relative Grounds for Refusal 
372
VI. Trade Mark Protection 
375
VII. Duration of Trade Mark Registration 
377
SECTION 2 PATENT LAW 
377
I. Patentability 
378
II. Registration, Grant and Ownership of Patent 
379
III. Employee Inventions 
380
IV. Duration 
382
V. Protection of Patent 
382
SECTION 3 DESIGN LAW 
383
I. Definition and Registrability of Design 
383
II. Protection of Design 
384
III. Duration of Design Protection 
385
IV. Right to the Design and Employee Designs 
385
Bibliography 
386
Chapter 14
TURKISH COMPETITION LAW
 Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI 
387
I. GENERAL 
387
A. Competition Authority 
387
1. Competition Board 
388
2. Legal Nature and Judicial Review of the Decisions of the Competition Board 
389
B. Sources of Competition Law 
389
C. Relationship Between Competition Law and Unfair Competition 
389
II. AGREEMENTS, DECISIONS AND CONCERTED PRACTICES RESTRICTING COMPETITION 
390
A. Agreements, Concerted Practices and Decisions of Associations of Undertakings 
390
1. Agreement 
391
2. Concerted Practice 
392
3. Decision of an Association of Undertakings 
393
a. Association of Undertakings 
393
b. Decision of an Association of Undertakings 
393
B. Examples of Anti–Competitive Agreements 
394
C. Exemption 
395
III. ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION 
397
A. Dominant Position 
397
B. Examples of Abuse of Dominant Position 
398
IV. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 
399
A. Transactions Treated as Mergers and Acquisitions 
399
1. Mergers 
399
2. Acquisitions 
400
3. Joint Ventures 
402
a.Full–Function Joint Ventures 
403
b.Non Full–Function Joint Ventures 
403
B. Authorization System 
404
V. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT OF COMPETITION LAW 
405
Bibliography 
409
Chapter 15
TURKISH CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW
 Dr. Elif Irmak BÜYÜK 
413
I. General 
413
II. Competence and Venue: Where to Commence an Action 
414
A. Jurisdictional Branches and Court Organization 
414
B. Competence and Venue 
415
III. Lawsuit 
417
A. General 
417
B. Parties 
418
C. Phases of a Lawsuit 
419
1. Exchange of Petitions (Pleading) Phase (DilekçelerAşaması) 
419
2. Preliminary Investigation Phase (Ön İnceleme Aşaması) 
421
3. Investigation Phase (Tahkikat) 
422
a. Evidence 
422
4. Oral Hearings and Rendering of the Verdict (Sözlü Yargılama ve Hükmün Verilmesi) 
425
IV. Interim Measures (Geçici Hukuki Korumalar) 
425
V. Legal Avenues (Kanun Yolu) 
427
A. General 
427
B. Appeal Procedure in the CCP No 6100 
428
C. Appeal Procedure in the –former– CCP No 1086 
431
VI. Arbitration 
433
A. General 
433
B. Arbitration Agreement 
434
1. General 
434
2. Written Form 
434
3. Subject 
434
C. Effect of the Arbitration Agreement 
435
D. Arbitration Procedure 
435
1. Commencing of Arbitration 
435
2. Term of Arbitration 
436
3. Termination of the Arbitration Proceeding 
436
E. Action for Annulment 
436
VII. Mediation 
437
A. General 
437
B. Scope of the Law on Mediation in Civil Disputes 
439
C. Basic Principles 
439
1. Voluntary Participation and Equality 
439
2. Confidentiality 
439
3. Inability to Use Statements and Documents 
440
D. Mediation Activity 
440
E. Completion of Mediation 
442
F. Enforceability 
443
G. Mandatory Mediation in Turkish Law 
443
1. Mandatory Mediation in Labor Disputes 
444
2. Mandatory Mediation in Commercial Disputes 
445
3. Mandatory Mediation in Consumer Disputes 
445
4. Mediation As a Condition Of Lawsuit In Some Disputes 
446
Bibliography 
448
Chapter 16
TURKISH EXECUTION LAW
 Res. Asst. Çağatay Serdar ŞAHİN 
451
Att. Nefise Gökçen GÜRCAN 
451
SECTION I GENERAL FEATURES OF EXECUTION LAW 
451
I. Introduction 
451
II. Scope of Application 
452
III. Basic Concepts and Organization of Turkish Execution Law 
453
A. Credit–Debt and Creditor–Debtor in the EBC 
453
B. Executive Organization 
453
1. Execution Offices (Art. 1 EBC) (İcra Daireleri) 
454
2. Execution Courts (Art. 4 EBC) (İcra Mahkemeleri) 
454
3. Relevant Chambers of the Supreme Court 
455
IV. Complaint Procedure (Art. 16 – 18 EBC) (Şikâyet) 
456
A. Legal Character and Function of the Complaint Procedure 
456
B. Grounds for Complaint 
457
1. Unlawfulness of the Actions of Execution Offices 
457
2. Inappropriateness of the Act to the Circumstances 
457
3. Failure to Implement a Right 
458
4. Impediment of Observance of a Right Without a Cause 
458
C. Procedure 
458
1. Limitation Period 
458
2. Competence and Venue 
459
SECTION II TYPES AND STAGES OF EXECUTION PROCEEDINGS 
459
I. Types of Execution Proceedings 
459
A. General 
459
B. General Attachment Procedure (Art. 46–144 EBC) (Genel Haciz Yoluyla Takip) 
460
1. Request for Execution (Art. 58 EBC) (TakipTalebi) 
461
2. Order of Payment (Art. 60–61 EBC) (ÖdemeEmri) 
461
3. Attachment (Art. 78 et seq. EBC) 
462
4. Sale of the Attached Goods (Art. 106–137 EBC) 
463
5. Reimbursement of the Creditor (Art. 138–144/a EBC) 
464
II. Provisional Attachment Procedure (İhtiyati Haciz) 
464
A. General 
464
B. Definition and Legal Character of Provisional Attachment 
464
C. Conditions of Provisional Attachment 
465
1. Provisional Attachment for Due Debts 
465
2. Provisional Attachment for Deferred Debts 
465
D. Procedure 
466
Bibliography 
468
Chapter 17
TURKISH BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY LAW
 Asst. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Akif GÜL 
469
SECTION I TURKISH BANKRUPTCY LAW 
469
I. General 
469
II. Bankruptcy Bodies 
470
A. Official Bodies 
470
1. Fundamental Official Bodies 
471
a. Execution Office 
471
b. Bankruptcy Office 
471
c. Execution Court 
472
d. Commercial Court of First Instance 
472
e. The Regional Court of Justice 
472
f. The Court of Appeal 
472
2. Subsidiary Official Bodies 
472
B. Non–Official Bodies 
472
III. Grounds for Bankruptcy 
473
SECTION II 
475
CONCORDAT 
475
I. General 
475
II. Concordat Request 
476
III. Temporary Respite and its Consequences 
476
IV. Final Respite and its Consequences 
477
V. Approval of Concordat and its Consequences 
478
VI. Termination of Concordat 
480
SECTION III ACTION FOR RESCISSION OF DISPOSITION – ACTIO PAULIANA (TASARRUFUN İPTALİ DAVASI) 
480
Bibliography 
482
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