PANDEMICS: UNIQUE THREATS TO IPAS
 
1. IPaS in the UN Charter 
 
23
2. Peace and Security as Components of IPaS 
 
28
3. Categories of Threats to IPaS 
 
33
3.1. Conventional Threats 
 
35
3.1.1. Inter–State Situations 
 
35
3.1.2. Intra–State Situations 
 
38
3.2. Non–Conventional Threats 
 
42
3.2.1. International Terrorism 
 
42
3.2.2. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) 
 
44
3.2.3. Unanswered Threat: Climate Change 
 
47
4. The Last Member of the Family: Pandemics 
 
49
4.1. What Changed the Perception of the UN Security
 
Council Towards Pandemics? 
 
50
4.2. Pandemics For Which the Security Council Issued
 
RETHINKING IPAS THROUGH THE LENS OF VIOLENCE
 
1. Violence as a Framework for Peace 
 
67
2. Violence, Peace, and Pandemics: Galtung’s Theory as
 
2.1. Galtung’s Formula of Violence 
 
78
2.1.1. Dimensions of Violence 
 
80
2.1.2. Types of Violence 
 
81
2.1.3. Defining Peace Through Violence 
 
84
3. Violence and Peace in the Times of Pandemics 
 
87
3.1. Dimensions of Violence That Pandemics Cause 
 
88
3.2. Types of Violence That Pandemics Cause 
 
93
3.3. Re–defining Pandemic–Driven Violence:
 
3.3.1. Defining Peace through Pandemioviolence 
 
104
THE SECURITY COUNCIL'S PERFORMANCE AGAINST PANDEMIOVIOLENCE
 
1. Defining the Approach of the Security Council Towards
 
1.2. Post–2000 Period 
 
108
2. The Security Council in Theory: Re–reading the Council’s
 
Resolutions to Address Pandemioviolence 
 
115
2.7. Complementary Resolutions 
 
127
3. The Security Council in Practice: Combating
 
Pandemioviolence through UN Peace Missions 
 
130
3.1. Background of UN Peace Missions 
 
131
3.2. Shortcomings of Current Missions 
 
134
3.3. Efficacy of Current Missions Against Pandemioviolence 
 
137