Turkish Public Law Prof. Dr. Mehmet Refik Korkusuz, Doç. Dr. Ferna İpekel Kayalı - Kitap

Turkish Public Law

3. Baskı, 
Şubat 2021
Kitabın Detayları
Dili:
Türkçe
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16x24
Sayfa:
360
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9789750267055
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Şubat 2019
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Kitabın Açıklaması
Turkish law has undergone drastic changes over the last 15 years. Indeed, new laws have been enacted and several laws have been amended to modernize and bring Turkish legislation in line with the EU acquis communautaire. For this reason, this book aims to provide an overview of the current Turkish public law. It aspires to serve as a blueprint not only for foreign students and academics, but also for international law firms and organizations. Great care has been given to incorporate the most recent legislation, court decisions, and statistical information.
This book includes twelve chapters and covers Fundamental Elements of Turkish Constitutional Law, Human Rights Protection from the Perspective of the 1982 Constitution, Administrative Law, Administrative Jurisdiction, Criminal and Criminal Procedure Law, Tax Law, Taxation System, Public International Law, Other Issues of International Law and Turkey's Legal Position in Related Matters, Legal History, and Philosophy and Sociology of Law.
Kitabın Konu Başlıkları
.
Constitutional Law
.
Administrative Law
.
Criminal Law
.
Tax Law
.
Public International Law
.
Legal History
.
Philosophy and Sociology of Law
Kitapla İlgili Kategoriler
Kitabın İçindekileri
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PUBLIC LAW
CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF
TURKISH CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Feyzan ÖZBAY ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Sezen KAMA IŞIK ¦ Res. Asst. Mustafa Gökhan ERTİN 
27
CHAPTER 2
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION FROM
THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE 1982 CONSTITUTION
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Feyzan ÖZBAY ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Sezen KAMA IŞIK ¦ Res. Asst. Mustafa Gökhan ERTİN 
53
CHAPTER 3
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ ¦ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk EROL ¦
Res. Asst. Emre KILIÇ 
67
CHAPTER 4
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ ¦ Res. Asst. İ. Esra DÜLGER SUCU ¦
Res. Asst. Kasım OCAK 
91
CHAPTER 5
TURKISH CRIMINAL AND
TURKISH CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hakan HAKERİ ¦ Asst. Prof. Dr. Derya TEKİN ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Melik KARTAL ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Kübra TUNÇ 
109
CHAPTER 6
TURKISH GENERAL TAX LAW
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN ¦ Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Arzu KALYON 
193
CHAPTER 7
TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM
Res. Asst. Dr. Arzu KALYON ¦ Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER ¦
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN 
225
CHAPTER 8
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM MAT ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE 
237
CHAPTER 9
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW–OTHER ISSUES OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
TURKEY’S LEGAL POSITION IN RELATED MATTERS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM MAT ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE ¦
Res. Asst. Merve İSPİRLİ ARMAĞAN 
265
CHAPTER 10
TURKISH LEGAL HISTORY
(PRE–ISLAMIC PERIOD)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha OKUR GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU ¦ Res. Asst. Mücahid SEÇGİN ¦
Res. Asst. Seval KILIÇ 
299
CHAPTER 11
OTTOMAN LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha OKUR GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU ¦ Res. Asst. Mücahid SEÇGİN ¦
Res. Asst. Seval KILIÇ 
315
CHAPTER 12
TURKISH PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AND
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
Res. Asst. Ercan ER 
355
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 
5
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
9
PUBLIC LAW
CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF
TURKISH CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Feyzan ÖZBAY ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Sezen KAMA IŞIK ¦ Res. Asst. Mustafa Gökhan ERTİN 
27
SECTION I: DEFINITION 
27
SECTION II: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE TURKISH CONSTITUTIONALIST MOVEMENT 
28
SECTION III: THE LEGISLATURE 
31
I. Composition of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey 
31
A. Eligibility Criteria d to Become a Deputy 
32
B. Parliamentary Privileges 
33
II. Functions and Powers of the GNAT 
34
A. Enacting Laws 
35
B. Parliamentary Oversight 
35
SECTION IV: THE EXECUTIVE 
36
I. Elements of the Executive 
36
A. President 
37
B. Vice Presidents and Ministers 
39
C. Presidential Decrees 
40
III. Before 2017 Amendments 
40
A. President 
40
B. Prime Minister (PM) 
41
C. Council of Ministers (CoM) 
41
II. Legal Status 
43
A. Privileges and Immunities 
43
B. Ministerial Liability 
43
1. Political Liability 
44
2. Criminal Liability 
44
3. Legal Liability 
44
SECTION V: THE JUDICIARY 
45
IV. Organization of the Judiciary 
45
A. Judicial (Civil and Criminal) Courts 
45
B. Administrative Courts and Tax Courts 
46
C. Military Courts 
47
D. Turkish Constitutional Court 
47
E. Court of Accounts 
49
V. Judicial Independence 
49
A. Independence of Judges 
49
B. Tenure of Judges 
49
C. Principle of Natural Judge 
50
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
51
CHAPTER 2
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION FROM
THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE 1982 CONSTITUTION
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Feyzan ÖZBAY ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Sezen KAMA IŞIK ¦ Res. Asst. Mustafa Gökhan ERTİN 
53
I. General Constitutional Framework 
53
II. Limitations to Fundamental Rights 
55
III. Suspension of Basic Rights and Freedoms 
57
IV. Individual Application to the Constitutional Court 
59
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
66
CHAPTER 3
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ ¦ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk EROL ¦
Res. Asst. Emre KILIÇ 
67
I. Turkish Administrative Organization 
67
A. Central Administration 
68
1. President of the Republic 
68
a. Election 
68
b. Duties and Powers 
69
B. Decentralization 
70
1. Territorial Decentralization (Local Administrations) 
70
a. Special Provincial Administration (İl Özel İdaresi) 
71
aa. General Provincial Council (İl Genel Meclisi) 
72
bb. Provincial Executive Committee (İl Encümeni) 
72
cc. Governor (Vali) 
72
b. Municipality (Belediye) 
72
aa. Municipal Council (Belediye Meclisi) 
73
bb. Municipal Executive Committee (Belediye Encümeni) 
74
cc. The Mayor (Belediye Başkanı) 
74
c. Metropolitan Municipality (Büyükşehir Belediyesi) 
74
d. Village Administration (Köy İdaresi) 
75
2. Decentralization Based on Services 
76
a. Institutions of Higher Education (Yüksek Öğretim Kurumları) 
76
b. Regulatory and Supervision Agencies (Düzenleyici ve Denetleyici Kurumlar) 
76
d. Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) 
77
II. Activities of Administration 
77
A. Public Services 
78
B. Administrative Police 
79
III. Powers of Administration 
80
A. Administrative Acts 
80
1. Administrative Regulations 
80
2. Individual Administrative Acts 
81
B. Administrative Contracts 
81
C. Administrative Actions 
82
D. Law on Public Procurement 
82
1. Basic Legislation on Public Procurement 
82
2. Procurement Procedures 
83
a. The Law No 2886 
84
b. The Law No 4734 
84
3. Objection to Procurement 
85
a. Complaint Application to the Contracting Authority (Şikayet) 
85
b. Appeal Application to the Public Procurement Authority (İtirazen Şikayet) 
86
E. Administrative Sanctions 
86
1. Definition of Administrative Sanction and Primary Legislation 
86
2. Basic Principles Regarding Administrative Sanctions 
87
3. Judicial Review of Administrative Sanctions 
87
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
89
CHAPTER 4
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ ¦ Res. Asst. İ. Esra DÜLGER SUCU ¦
Res. Asst. Kasım OCAK 
91
I. General 
91
II. Organization of Administrative Jurisdiction 
91
A. Council of State 
92
B. Regional Administrative Courts 
93
C. Administrative Courts 
93
D. Tax Courts 
93
III. Administrative Litigation 
94
A. Action for Annulment 
94
B. Action of Full Jurisdiction 
95
IV. Suspension of Execution 
96
V. Time Limit to File a Case 
96
VI. Procedure For Expedited Trial 
97
VII. Legal Remedies 
99
A. In General 
99
B. Ordinary Legal Remedies 
99
1. Appeal 
99
2. Cassation 
103
C. Extraordinary Legal Remedies 
105
1. Renewal of the Trial 
105
2. Cassation for the Benefit of Law 
106
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
108
CHAPTER 5
TURKISH CRIMINAL AND
TURKISH CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hakan HAKERİ ¦ Asst. Prof. Dr. Derya TEKİN ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Melik KARTAL ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Kübra TUNÇ 
109
TURKISH CRIMINAL LAW 
109
I. INTRODUCTION 
109
SECTION I: GENERAL PART OF THE PENAL CODE 
110
A. Principles of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Policy 
110
1. Rule of Law 
110
2. Principle of Legality (in crime and punishment) 
110
3. Proportionality Rule 
111
4. Respect to Human Dignity 
111
5. Equal Protection of Law 
111
6. Principle of Culpability 
111
7. Individuality of Criminal Responsibility 
112
B. Application of Turkish Penal Code 
112
1. Application of Turkish Penal Code in respect of Time 
112
2. Application of Turkish Penal Code in respect of Location 
112
a. Active Personality Principle 
113
b. Passive Personality Principle 
114
c. Protective Principle 
115
d. Representation Principle (İkâme Yargı) 
115
e. Universal Jurisdiction Principle 
116
f. Retrial in Turkey 
117
g. Extradition of Foreigners 
118
3. Application of Criminal Laws regarding Persons 
120
a. President of the Republic 
121
b. Parliamentary Immunity 
121
ba. Absolute immunity (non–accountability) 
121
bb. Temporary Immunity (no prosecution without the act of the parliament) 
122
c. International jurisdictional immunity 
122
d. Some foreign soldiers and civilians and their relatives 
123
e. Civil servants/Public officials 
123
C. Elements of Crime 
123
1. Legal Element of Crime/Typicality (tipiklik) 
124
a. Physical (objective) elements – Actus Reus 
124
aa. An actomission to act 
124
ab. A particular harmresult 
126
ac. Causation (causal relation) 
126
b. Mental (subjective) elements – Mens Rea 
126
ba. Dolus Directus – Criminal Intent 
126
bb. Dolus Eventualis – Eventual Intent – Recklessness 
127
bc. Advertent (Conscious) and Inadvertent (Unconscious) Negligence 
127
bd. The Aggravation of an Offence Due to Its Consequences 
128
2. Element of Illegality/Unlawfulness (Lack of a Lawful Cause) 
128
a. Executing a Provision (Art. 24/1) 
129
b. Executing a Lawful Order (Art. 24/2) 
129
c. Self–defence (Art. 25/1) 
130
d. Use of a Right (Art. 26/1) 
130
e. Consent (Art. 26/2) 
130
D. Culpability 
131
1. Criminal Capacity (Kusur Yeteneği – İsnat Kabiliyeti) 
131
a. Reasons Affecting the Criminal Capacity 
131
aa. Age (Art. 31 TPC) 
132
ab. Insanity (Art. 32) 
132
ac. Deafness and Dumbness (Art. 33) 
132
ad. Ephemeral Reasons, Addiction to Alcohol and Drugs (Art. 34) 
133
2. Reasons Affecting Culpability 
133
a. Unlawful and Binding Order of the Supervisor (Art. 24/2) 
133
b. State of Necessity (Art. 25/2) 
133
c. Force and Violence, Menace and Threat (Art. 28) 
133
d. Expectability in Crimes by Omission 
134
e. Unjust provocation (Art. 29) 
134
f. Exceeding of Limit in Excusatory Causes 
134
g. Mistake Claims 
135
h. Other Conditions of the Punishability 
135
ha. Objective conditions of punishability (Objektif cezalandırılabilme şartları) 
136
hb. Personal Excuses for Impunity and Personal Circumstances Which WithdrawReduce Penalty (Şahsi cezasızlık sebepleri ve cezayı kaldıran veya cezada indirim yapılmasını gerektiren şahsi sebepler) 
136
E. Attempt 
137
1. Attempt to Commit a Crime 
137
2. Voluntary Abandonment (Gönüllü Vazgeçme) 
138
3. Effective Remorse (Etkin Pişmanlık) 
138
F. Participation in Crimes (İştirak) 
139
G. Joinder of Offences (İçtima) 
141
1. Joint Offence (Bileşik Suç) 
141
2. Successive Offences (Zincirleme Suç) 
141
3. Conceptual Aggregation/Joinder of Ideas (Fikri İçtima) 
142
H. Sanctions 
142
1. Suspension of the Sentence of Imprisonment 
144
2. Dismissal of an Action and Termination of Punishment 
144
SECTION II: SPECIAL PART OF THE PENAL CODE (CRIMES) 
145
A. International Offences 
146
1. Genocide (Art. 76) 
146
2. Offences against Humanity (Art. 77) 
147
3. Forming Organized GroupsEngaging in the Management of Such Groups to Commit Genocide and/or Offences against Humanity (Art. 78) 
147
4. Unlawful Transfer of Immigrants to a Country (Art. 79) 
148
5. Human Trade (Art. 80) 
148
B. Offences against Individuals 
149
1. Offences against Life 
149
a. Voluntary Manslaughter – Intentional Killing/Homicide (Art. 81–83) 
149
b. Soliciting Suicide (Art. 84) 
150
c. Negligent Homicide (Art. 85) 
150
2. Offences of Bodily Harm 
151
a. Intentional Injury (Art. 86) 
151
b. Abortion 
152
3. Offences against Sexual Inviolability 
152
a. Sexual Assault (Art. 102) (Cinsel Saldırı) 
152
b. Sexual Abuse of Children (Art. 103) (Çocukların Cinsel İstismarı) 
154
c. Sexual Intercourse with the Person Who Has Not Attained the Lawful Age (Art. 104) 
155
d. Sexual Harassment (Art. 105) (Cinsel Taciz) 
156
4. Offences Against Freedom 
156
a. Threat (Art. 106) 
156
b. Deprivation of Freedom (Art. 109) 
157
c. Violation of the Inviolability of Residence (Art. 116) 
158
5. Offences Against Honour 
158
a. Insult (Art. 125) 
158
aa. Aggravating Circumstances 
159
ab. Identification of the Victim 
160
ac. Proof of Imputation 
160
ad. Inviolability of Accusation and Defence 
160
af. Insulting on the Ground of an Unjust ActReciprocal Insult 
160
6. Offences Against Privacy and Secrecy of Life 
161
7. Offences against Property 
163
C. Offences Against the Public 
164
1. Offences Against Public Health 
164
2. Offences Against Public Confidence 
165
a. Forgery of Official Document (Art. 204) 
165
b. Forgery of Private Document (Art. 207) 
166
c. A Mitigating Circumstance for Both Crimes (Art. 211) 
166
d. A Special Joinder Rule Regarding Both Crimes (Art. 212) 
166
3. Offences Against Public Peace 
167
a. Provocation to Commit an Offence (Art. 214) 
167
b. Provoking the Public to Hatred, HostilityDenigration (Art. 216) 
167
c. Establishing an Organisation for the Purpose of Committing a Crime (Art. 220) 
167
d. Effective Remorse for the Offence of Establishing an Organisation for the Purpose of Committing a Crime (Art. 221) 
169
D. Offences against Nation and State 
170
1. Offences Against the Reliability and Functioning of the Public Administration 
170
2. Offences Against the Judicial Bodiesthe Court 
172
a. Calumny (Art. 267) 
172
b. Non–Notification of Crime (Art. 278) 
172
c. Destruction, ConcealingAltering Evidence (Art. 281) 
173
3. Offences against the Constitutional Order and its Functioning Violation of the Constitution (Art. 309) 
173
SECTION III: TURKISH CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW 
173
A. Principles of Criminal Procedure Law 
173
B. General Characteristics of Criminal Justice System in Turkey 
175
C. Precautionary Measures 
176
D. Stages/Phases of Criminal Procedure in Turkey 
177
1. Investigation 
177
a. The Duties and Powers of the PPS 
178
aa. Internal Structure of the PPS 
178
ab. The Justice of the Peace 
179
b. Ending the investigation 
179
c. Return of the Indictment 
181
2. Prosecution (Trial) 
182
3. Decision to Delay the Pronouncement of the Judgement 
185
4. Legal Remedies: Opposition (İtiraz), Appeal on Facts and Law (İstinaf) and Appeal on Law (Temyiz) 
187
a. Opposition (İtiraz) 
187
b. Appeal on Facts and Law (İstinaf) 
188
c. Appeal on Law (Temyiz) 
189
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
191
CHAPTER 6
TURKISH GENERAL TAX LAW
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN ¦ Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER ¦
Res. Asst. Dr. Arzu KALYON 
193
SECTION I: TURKISH GENERAL LAW AT NATIONAL LEVEL 
193
I. Definition and Sources of Tax Law 
193
A. Definition of Tax and Tax Law 
193
B. Sources of Tax Law 
194
1. Binding Sources of Tax Law 
194
a. The Constitution 
194
b. Tax Codes 
195
c. International Tax Treaties 
196
d. Presidential Decrees 
197
e. Other Binding Sources 
197
2. Non–binding Sources of Tax Law 
197
C. The Parties to the Taxation 
198
D. General Principles of Tax Law 
199
II. Taxation Process 
200
A. Taxable Event 
200
B. Tax Assessment 
201
1. Complementary Tax Assessment 
201
2. Ex– Officio Tax Assessment 
201
3. Statutory Tax Assessment 
202
C. Tax Notification 
202
D. Tax Accrual 
202
E. Tax Collection 
203
III. Tax Offences 
203
A. General 
203
B. Tax Misdemeanors 
205
1. Irregularity Misdemeanors 
205
2. Tax Loss Misdemeanors 
205
C. Tax Crimes 
205
1. Tax Evasion 
206
2. Breach of Tax Secrecy 
206
3. Carrying Out Personal Affairs of Taxpayers 
207
IV. Tax Procedure Law 
207
A. General 
207
B. Administrative Methods For Resolving Tax Disputes 
207
1. Conciliation (Uzlaşma) 
207
2. Error Correction (Hata Düzeltme) 
209
3. Reduction in Tax Loss, Irregularity and Special Irregularity Penalties 
210
4. Application to Higher Authorities 
210
C. Judicial Tax Dispute Resolution 
210
1. Principles of Tax Procedure 
211
2. Tax–Related Courts 
211
a. Tax Courts 
212
b. Regional Administrative Courts 
212
c. The Council of State 
213
3. Tax Trial Procedure 
214
V. Tax Enforcement Law 
216
A. General 
216
B. Compulsory Execution Proceeding 
216
C. Measures of Conservation 
217
1. Pre–emptive Right 
217
2. Request for a Guarantee 
217
3. Precautionary Accrual (İhtiyati Tahakkuk) 
218
4. Precautionary Attachment (İhtiyati Haciz) 
218
5. Nullity Proceedings 
219
SECTION II: GENERAL TAX LAW AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 
219
I. International Tax Law 
219
A. General 
219
B. States’ Jurisdiction to Tax 
220
C. Legal Nature of International Tax Treaties in Turkish Law 
221
D. Notion of Double Taxation 
221
E. Issue of Double Non–Taxation: Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance 
222
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
223
CHAPTER 7
TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM
Res. Asst. Dr. Arzu KALYON ¦ Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER ¦
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN 
225
SECTION I: DIRECT TAXES 
225
I. Direct Taxation 
225
A. Income Tax for Real Persons 
225
1. Commercial Income 
226
2. Agricultural Income 
226
3. Salaries 
227
4. Income from Self–employment 
227
5. Earnings from Security Capital 
227
6. Earnings from Immovable Property 
227
7. Any Other Income and Earning 
227
B. Corporate Tax 
228
1. Thin Capitalization 
229
2. Transfer Pricing 
229
3. Tax – Free Corporate Restructurings 
230
SECTION II: INDIRECT TAXES 
231
I. Indirect Taxation 
231
A. Value Added Tax 
231
B. Stamp Tax 
232
C. Motor Vehicles Tax 
233
D. Banking and Insurance Transaction Tax (BITT) 
233
E. Gambling Tax 
233
F. Inheritance and Gift Tax 
233
G. Property Tax 
234
H. Special Communication Tax 
234
İ. Customs Tax 
234
J. Fees 
234
K. Special Consumption Tax 
234
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
236
CHAPTER 8
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM MAT ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE 
237
SECTION I: USE OF FORCE BY STATES 
237
I. Prohibition on the Use of Force 
237
II. Right of Self–Defense 
239
III. Scope of Self–Defense 
240
IV. AnticipatoryPre–Emptive Self–Defense 
242
V. Collective Self–Defense 
243
VI. Humanitarian Intervention 
243
VII. Responsibility to Protect 
245
VIII. Use of Force Under Chapter VII of the Charter 
245
SECTION II: INTERNATIONAL LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY 
247
I. Source of Responsibility: The Internationally Wrongful Act of A State 
248
A. Attribution of Conduct to A State 
249
B. Breach of an International Obligation 
250
C. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness 
250
1. Consent 
250
2. Self–Defense 
251
3. Countermeasures 
251
4. Force–majeure and Distress 
251
5. Necessity 
252
II. Consequences of an Internationally Wrongful Act 
252
A. Restitution 
253
B. Compensation 
254
C. Satisfaction 
254
III. Serious Breaches of Obligations Under Peremptory Norms 
254
SECTION III: SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 
255
I. Introduction 
255
II. Primary Sources 
256
A. Treaties 
256
B. Customary International Law 
256
C. General Principles of Law 
258
III. Secondary Sources 
258
A. Judicial Decisions 
258
B. Doctrine 
259
IV. Other Sources 
259
A. Resolutions of International and Regional Organizations 
259
B. Soft Law 
259
C. International Law Commission 
260
D. Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) 
260
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
262
CHAPTER 9
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW–OTHER ISSUES OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
TURKEY’S LEGAL POSITION IN RELATED MATTERS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM MAT ¦ Res. Asst. Dr. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE ¦
Res. Asst. Merve İSPİRLİ ARMAĞAN 
265
SECTION I: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 
265
I. Introduction 
265
II. History and Role of International Organizations 
266
III. Legal Personality 
267
IV. TURKEY’S MEMBERSHIP OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 
268
A. United Nations (UN) 
268
B. Council of Europe 
269
C. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 
270
SECTION II: MAIN ACTORS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: STATES 
271
I. State 
271
A. Land 
271
B. Population 
272
1. Right of Self–Determination 
273
C. Political Authority 
273
D. Sovereignty 
274
II. Protection of Sovereignty 
275
A. Main Principle; Non–Intervention 
275
1. Exceptions to the Non–Intervention Principle 
276
a. State Consent 
276
b. Responsibility to Protect 
277
III. States’ Jurisdictional Immunity 
277
IV. State Borders; Turkey 
277
SECTION III: REFUGEE CRISIS; ASYLUM PROCESS IN TURKEY 
278
I. Introduction 
278
II. Key legal document related to refugees; 1951 Geneva Convention 
279
III. Refugee status in Turkish Legal System 
279
SECTION IV: LAW OF THE SEA 
281
I. Introduction 
281
II. Major Maritime Zones 
282
A. Baselines and Internal Waters 
282
B. Territorial Sea 
283
C. Contiguous Zone 
284
D. Continental Shelf 
284
E. Exclusive Economic Zone 
285
F. High Seas 
286
G. The Deep Seabed Area 
288
H. Straits and Archipelagos 
288
III. The Law of Turkish Territorial Sea 
289
A. General Rules 
290
1. Territorial Sovereignty 
290
2. Right of Innocent Passage 
290
B. The Legal Regime on Turkish Straits 
291
1. Background 
291
2. The Legal Regime 
292
3. The Jurisdiction of the Coastal State Over Foreign Vessels 
294
4. The Frozen Conflict Between Turkey and Greece 
295
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
297
CHAPTER 10
TURKISH LEGAL HISTORY
(PRE–ISLAMIC PERIOD)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha OKUR GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU ¦ Res. Asst. Mücahid SEÇGİN ¦ Res. Asst. Seval KILIÇ 
299
I. General 
299
II. The Asian Hun Empire 
300
III. Gokturk State 
301
IV. Uyghur State 
302
V. Structure and Functioning of the Turkic States in the Pre–Islamic Period 
303
A. Hakan 
304
B. Kurultay (Congress) 
306
C. Viziers and Other State Officials 
307
D. Töre (Laws) 
307
VI. Criminal Law 
308
VII. Judicial Structure and Civil Procedure Law 
309
VII. Family Law 
310
A. General 
310
B. Marriage 
310
C. Kalın 
311
D. Divorce 
312
E. Adoption 
312
IX. Law of Succession 
312
X. Law of Obligation 
313
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
314
CHAPTER 11
OTTOMAN LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha OKUR GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU ¦ Res. Asst. Mücahid SEÇGİN ¦
Res. Asst. Seval KILIÇ 
315
I. Historical Background 
315
II. Islamic Law 
316
A. The Holy Quran 
316
B. Sunnah 
317
C. Ijma(Consensus of Opinion) 
318
D. Qiyas (Deductive Analogy) 
319
III. Historical Periods of Islamic Law 
320
A. The Period of the Prophet 
320
B. The Period of Rightly Guided Caliphs (First Four Caliphs) and Companions 
321
C. The Period of Tabi’in (Successors of the Companions) 
322
D. The Period of Schools (Madhab) 
323
1. The Hanafi School 
323
2. The Maliki School 
324
3. The Shafi’i School 
324
4. The Hanbali School 
325
E. The Period of Taqlid (Imitation) 
325
F. Legislation Period 
326
IV. Legal Structure of the Ottoman Empire 
326
A. General 
326
B. Relation of Sharia and Sultanic Law 
327
C. Judicial Structure 
328
1. General 
328
2. Courts 
329
a. Courts of Sharia 
329
b. Community Courts (Cemaat Mahkemeleri – For Non–Muslims) 
330
c. Consular Courts 
331
d. Other Courts 
332
D. Legislation of the Ottoman Law 
333
1. General 
333
2. Fiqh Books 
334
3. Fatwa Books 
334
4. Legal Codes (Kanunnâmeler) 
335
5. Records of Sharia Courts 
336
V. Legal Structure of the Ottoman Empire After the Era of Tanzimat 
336
A. General 
336
1. Role of Western Countries 
337
2. Commercial, Economical and Social Changes and Legal Reasons 
337
3. Necessity for Reforms 
338
B. Edict of Tanzimat 
338
C. Edict of Islahat 
339
D. Reforms in Public Law 
340
1. Constitutional Law 
340
2. Administrative Law 
341
3. Criminal Law 
342
4. Procedural Laws 
343
E. Reforms in Private Law 
344
1. Mecelle–i Ahkâm–i Adliyye (Civil Code of the Ottoman Empire) 
344
2. Ottoman Family Law Decree 
345
3. Land Law 
346
F. Reforms in Judicial Structure 
347
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
350
CHAPTER 12
TURKISH PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AND
SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
Res. Asst. Ercan ER 
355
SECTION I: NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 
355
I. Nature of Philosophy of Law 
355
II. Importance of Philosophy of Law 
356
A. Theoretical Importance of Philosophy of Law 
356
B. Practical Importance of Philosophy of Law 
357
SECTION II: MAIN IDEOLOGIES WHICH DETERMINE THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 
357
I. Theories Embodied by Moral Content of Law 
358
II. Theories Embodied by Normativity of Law 
358
III. Theories Embodied by Social Facts Determining Law 
359
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
360
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