Introduction to Turkish Law
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Refik Korkusuz, (Editör)Doç. Dr. Ferna İpekel Kayalı (Editör Yardımcısı)
1. Baskı,
Kasım 2016
Kitabın Detayları
Dili:
Türkçe
Ebat:
16x24
Sayfa Sayısı:
424
Baskısı tükenmiştir.
Kitabın Açıklaması
Turkish law has undergone drastic changes over the last 15 years. Indeed, new laws have been enacted and several laws have been amended to modernize and bring Turkish legislation in line with the EU acquis communautaire. For this reason, this book aims to provide an overview of the current Turkish public and private law. It aspires to serve as a blueprint not only for foreign students and academics, but also for international law firms and organizations. Great care has been given to incorporate the most recent legislation, Supreme Court decisions, and statistical information.
This book is divided into two main parts. Part 1, entitled "Public Law", includes nine chapters and covers Fundamental Elements of Turkish Constitutional Law, Human Rights Protection from the Perspective of the 1982 Constitution, Administrative Law, Administrative Jurisdiction, Criminal and Criminal Procedure Law, Tax Law, Public International Law, Turkish Legal History and Philosophy and Sociology of Law.
Part 2, entitled "Private Law", includes fifteen chapters and deals with Civil Law, Individual Labour Law, Collective Labour Law, Social Securitv Law, Law on Occupational Health and Safety, Law of Commercial Enterprise, Company Law, Law of Negotiable Instruments, Maritime Law, Insurance Law, Intellectual Property Law, Civil Procedure Law, Execution Law, Bankruptcy and Insolvency Law and Private International Law.
Kitabın Konu Başlıkları
Fundamental Elements Of Turkish Constitutional Law, Res. Asst. Feyzan Özbay, Res. Asst. Sezen Kama
Human Rights Protection From The Perspective Of The 1982 Constitution, Asst. Prof. Dr. Murat Tümay, Res. Asst. Feyzan Özbay, Res. Asst. Sezen Kama
Turkish Administrative Law, Res. Asst. Dr. Halil Altındağ, Res. Asst. Ömer Faruk Erol, Res. Asst. Emre Kılıç
Turkish Administrative Jurisdiction, Res. Asst. Dr. Halil Altındağ, Res. Asst. İ. Esra Dülger Sucu, Res. Asst. Kasım Ocak
Turkish Criminal Law And Criminal Procedure Law, Prof. Dr. Dr. H.C. Hakan Hakeri
Turkish Tax Law, Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan Artun, Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah Geçer, Res. Asst. Arzu Kalyon
Public International Law, Asst. Prof. Dr. Tülay Yıldırım Res. Asst. Miray Azaklı Köse
Turkish Legal History, Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha Okur Gümrükçüoğlu
Turkish Philosophy Of Law And Sociology Of Law, Res. Asst. Ercan Er
Turkish Civil Law, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ümit Gezder, Res. Asst. Yasin Büyük, Res. Asst. M. Hasanali Akay, Res. Asst. Melike Ergün
Turkish Individual Labour Law, Prof. Dr. M. Refik Korkusuz, Res. Asst. Ömer Uğur
Turkish Collective Labour Law, Prof. Dr. M. Refik Korkusuz, Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail Çekiç
Turkish Social Security Law, Prof. Dr. M. Refik Korkusuz, Res. Asst. Ebru Karabacak
Turkish Law On Occupational Health And Safety, Prof. Dr. M. Refik Korkusuz, Asst. Prof. Dr. M. Halit Korkusuz
Law Of Commercial Enterprise, Res. Asst. Emin Çamurcu
Turkish Company Law, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İpekel Kayalı
Turkish Law Of Negotiable Instruments, Res. Asst. Hasan Onur Akay
Turkish Maritime Law, Asst. Prof. Dr. Hacı Kara
Turkish Insurance Law, Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Barış Günay
Turkish Intellectual Property Law, Res. Asst. Dr. Özgür Arıkan
Turkish Civil Procedure Law, Res. Asst. Elif Irmak Kılıç
Turkish Execution Law, Res. Asst. Nefise Gökçen Gürcan
Turkish Bankruptcy And Insolvency Law, Res. Asst. Mehmet Akif Gül
Turkish Private International Law, Res. Asst. Kazım Çınar
Kitapla İlgili Kategoriler
Kitabın İçindekileri
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
5
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
11
PUBLIC LAW
CHAPTER 1:
FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF TURKISH CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Res. Asst. Feyzan ÖZBAY, Res. Asst. Sezen KAMA
35
INTRODUCTION
35
SECTION I: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE TURKISH CONSTITUTIONALIST MOVEMENT
36
SECTION II: THE LEGISLATURE
39
I. The Composition of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
39
A. Eligibility Criteria d to Become a Deputy
40
B. Parliamentary Privileges
41
II. Functions and Powers of the GNAT
42
A. Enacting Laws
43
B. Parliamentary Oversight
43
SECTION III THE EXECUTIVE
45
I. Elements of the Executive
45
A. President
45
B. The Prime Minister (PM)
46
C. The Council of Ministers (The CoM)
47
II. Legal Status
48
A. Privileges and Immunities
48
B. Ministerial Responsibility
48
1. Political Responsibility
49
2. Criminal Responsibility
49
3. Legal Responsibility
49
SECTION IV THE JUDICIARY
50
I. Organization of the Judiciary
50
A. Judicial (Civil and Criminal) Courts
50
B. Administrative and Tax Courts
51
C. Military Courts
52
D. The Constitutional Court
52
E. The Court of Accounts
53
II. Judicial Independence
54
A. Independence of Judges
54
B. Tenure of Judges
54
C. Principle of Natural Judge
55
BIBLIOGRAPHY
56
CHAPTER 2
HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE 1982 CONSTITUTION
Asst. Prof. Dr. Murat TÜMAY, Res. Asst. Feyzan ÖZBAY, Res. Asst. Sezen KAMA
57
I. General Constitutional Framework
57
II. Limitations to Fundamental Rights
59
II. Derogations to Human Rights
60
III. Individual Application to the Constitutional Court
61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
64
CHAPTER 3
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Res. Asst. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ, Res. Asst. Ömer Faruk EROL,
Res. Asst. Emre KILIÇ
65
I. Turkish Administrative Organization
65
A. Central Administration
66
1. President of the Republic
66
a. Election
66
b. Duties and Powers
67
2. Council of Ministers
68
B. Decentralization
68
1. Territorial Decentralization (Local Administrations)
68
a. Special Provincial Administration (İl Özel İdaresi)
69
aa. General Provincial Council (İl Genel Meclisi)
70
ab. Provincial Executive Committee (İl Encümeni)
70
ac. Governor (Vali)
70
b. Municipality (Belediye)
70
ba. Municipal Council (Belediye Meclisi)
71
bb. Municipal Executive Committee (Belediye Encümeni)
71
bc. The Mayor (Belediye Başkanı)
72
c. Metropolitan Municipality (Büyükşehir Belediyesi)
72
d. Village Administration (Köy İdaresi)
73
2. Decentralization Based on Services
74
a. Institutions of Higher Education (Yüksek Öğretim Kurumları)
74
b. Regulatory and Supervision Agencies (Düzenleyici ve Denetleyici Kurumlar)
74
d. Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı)
75
II. Activities of Administration
75
A. Public Services
75
B. Administrative Police
76
III. Powers of Administration
77
A. Administrative Acts
77
1. Administrative Regulations
78
2. Individual Administrative Acts
78
B. Administrative Contracts
78
C. Administrative Actions
79
D. Law on Public Procurement
79
1. Basic Legislation on Public Procurement
80
2. Procurement Procedures
81
a. The Law No 2886
81
b. The Law No 4734
82
3. Objection to Procurement
82
a. Complaint Application to the Contracting Authority (Şikayet)
83
b. Appeal Application to the Public Procurement Authority (İtirazen Şikayet)
83
E. Administrative Sanctions
83
1. Definition of Administrative Sanction and Primary Legislation
83
2. Basic Principles Regarding Administrative Sanctions
84
3. Judicial Review of Administrative Sanctions
84
BIBLIOGRAPHY
86
CHAPTER 4
TURKISH ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION
Res. Asst. Dr. Halil ALTINDAĞ, Res. Asst. İ. Esra Dülger SUCU,
Res. Asst. Kasım OCAK
87
I. General
87
II. Organization of Administrative Jurisdiction
87
A. Council of State
88
B. High Military Administrative Court
89
C. Regional Administrative Courts
89
D. Administrative Courts
89
E. Tax Courts
89
III. Administrative Litigation
90
A. Action for Annulment
90
B. Action of Full Jurisdiction
91
IV. Suspension of Execution
92
V. Time Limit to Bring a Case
92
BIBLIOGRAPHY
94
CHAPTER 5
TURKISH CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hakan HAKERİ
95
I. INTRODUCTION
95
II. GENERAL PART OF THE PENAL CODE
96
III. SPECIAL PART OF THE PENAL CODE (CRIMES)
100
IV. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
108
CHAPTER 6
TURKISH TAX LAW
Res. Asst. Emine Sevcan ARTUN, Res. Asst. Ahmet Emrah GEÇER,
Res. Asst. Arzu KALYON
109
SECTION I GENERAL TAX LAW
109
I. DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES OF THE TAX LAW
109
A. Definition of Tax Law
109
B. Sources of Tax Law
109
1. Binding Sources of Tax Law
110
a. The Constitution
110
b. Tax Codes
111
c. International Tax Treaties
111
d. Statutory Decrees
111
e. Other Binding Sources
111
2. Non–binding Sources of Tax Law
112
II. TAXATION PROCESS
112
A. Taxable Event
113
B. Assessment of Tax
113
1. Complementary Tax Assessment
114
2. Ex– Officio Tax Assessment
114
3. Tax Assessment by the Administration
114
C. Notification of Tax
114
D. Accrual of Tax
115
E. Collection of Tax
115
III. TAX OFFENCES
115
A. General
115
B. Tax Misdemeanors
116
1. Irregularity Misdemeanors
116
2. Tax Loss Misdemeanors
117
C. Tax Crimes
117
1. Tax Evasion
117
2. Breach of Tax Secrecy
117
3. Conducting Personal Affairs of Taxpayers
118
IV. TAX PROCEDURE LAW
118
A. General
118
B. Tax–Related Courts
119
1. Tax Courts
120
2. Regional Administrative Courts
120
3. The Council of State
120
C. Tax Trial Procedure
121
V. TAX ENFORCEMENT LAW
123
A. General
123
B. Compulsory Execution Proceeding
123
C. Measures of Conservation
124
1. Pre–emptive Right
124
2. Request for a Guarantee
124
3. Precautionary Accrual (İhtiyati Tahakkuk)
125
4. Precautionary Attachment (İhtiyati Haciz)
125
5. Nullity Proceedings
126
VI. INTERNATIONAL TAX LAW
126
A. General
126
B. States’ Jurisdiction to Tax
127
C. Legal Nature of International Tax Treaties in Turkish Law
127
D. The Notion of Double Taxation
128
E. The Issue of Double Non–Taxation: Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance
129
SECTION II TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM
130
I. DIRECT TAXATION
130
A. Income Tax for Real Persons
130
B. Corporate Tax
131
1. Thin Capitalization
131
2. Transfer Pricing
132
II. Indirect Taxation
132
A. Value Added Tax
132
B. Stamp Tax
133
C. Motor Vehicles Tax
134
D. Banking and Insurance Transaction Tax (BITT)
134
E. Gambling Tax
134
F. Inheritance and Gift Tax
134
G. Property Tax
135
H. Special Communication Tax
135
İ. Customs Tax
135
J. Fees
135
K. Special Consumption Tax
135
BIBLIOGRAPHY
136
CHAPTER 7
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Tülay YILDIRIM, Res. Asst. Miray AZAKLI KÖSE
137
SECTION I USE OF FORCE BY STATES
137
I. The Prohibition on the Use of Force
137
II. The Right of Self–Defense
139
III. The Scope of Self–Defense
140
IV. AnticipatoryPre–Emptive Self–Defense
141
V. Collective Self–Defense
142
VI. Humanitarian Intervention
143
VII. The Responsibility to Protect
144
VIII. The Use of Force Under Chapter VII of the Charter
145
SECTION II INTERNATIONAL LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY
147
I. The Source of Responsibility: The Internationally Wrongful Act of A State
148
A. Attribution of Conduct to A State
148
B. Breach of an International Obligation
149
C. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
149
1. Consent
150
2. Self–Defense
150
3. Countermeasures
150
4. Force–majeure and Distress
151
5. Necessity
151
II. Consequences of an Internationally Wrongful Act
152
A. Restitution
152
B. Compensation
153
C. Satisfaction
153
III. Serious Breaches of Obligations Under Peremptory Norms
153
BIBLIOGRAPHY
154
CHAPTER 8
TURKISH LEGAL HISTORY
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saliha Okur GÜMRÜKÇÜOĞLU
155
I. General
155
II. Historical Development of Turkish Law
155
A. Turkish Law before Islam
155
B. Turkish Law after Islam
156
1. Islamic Law
156
2. Legal Schools in Islamic Law
157
3. Ottoman Law
157
a. The Ottoman Judicial System
158
b. The Ottoman Judical System after Tanzimat
159
BIBLIOGRAPHY
160
CHAPTER 9
TURKISH PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AND SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
Res. Asst. Ercan ER
161
SECTION I NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
161
I. Nature of Philosophy of Law
161
II. Importance of Philosophy of Law
162
A. Theoretical Importance of Philosophy of Law
162
B. Practical Importance of Philosophy of Law
163
SECTION II MAIN IDEOLOGIES WHICH DETERMINE THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
164
I. Theories Embodied by Moral Content of Law
164
II. Theories Embodied by Normativity of Law
164
III. Theories Embodied by Social Facts Determining Law
165
BIBLIOGRAPHY
166
PRIVATE LAW
CHAPTER 10
TURKISH CIVIL LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ümit GEZDER, Res. Asst. Yasin BÜYÜK,
Res. Asst. M. Hasanali AKAY, Res. Asst. Melike ERGÜN
169
I. HISTORY
169
II. INTRODUCTION
170
III. LAW OF PERSONS
170
A. Beginning and End of Personality:
171
B. Ability to be Subject of the Rights and Obligations:
171
C. Capacity to Act:
171
1. Full Capacity (Art. 9–13)
172
2. Full Incapacity (Art. 15)
172
3. Limited Capacity (Art. 16)
173
IV. FAMILY LAW
173
A. Engagement
174
B. Marriage
174
1. Formalities of Marriage
174
2. Marriage Impediments (TCC Art. 129–133)
175
C. Divorce
176
V. LAW OF SUCCESSION
177
A. Forced Heirs
177
1. Wills and Testamentary Contracts
177
VI. PROPERTY LAW
178
A. Generally
178
1. Property Right
178
B. Immovable property
178
C. Real Rights (Rights in Rem)
179
1. Limited Rights in rem
179
a. Servitudes
179
b. Real burdens
179
ba. Lien
179
bb. Mortgage
179
D. Possession
180
E. Land register
180
VII. TURKISH OBLIGATION LAW – GENERAL PROVISIONS
180
A. Contracts
181
1. Capacity to Contract
181
2. Formation of the Contract
181
3. Conditions of Validity
182
a. Immorality
182
b. Public Order
182
c. Imperative Rules
183
d. Personal Rights
183
e. Impossibility
183
4. Form of the Contract
183
5. Genuineness of Assent
184
a. Mistake
184
b. Fraud
185
c. Coercion
185
B. Torts
185
1. General
185
2. Conditions
185
3. Compensation
186
C. Unjust Enrichment
186
VIII. SPECIAL PROVISIONS
186
A. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACTS THAT ARE REGULATED BY SPECIAL PROVISIONS
186
1. Classification of contracts by their subject and purpose.
186
a. Sales Contracts
186
b. Barter Contracts
187
c. Donation Contracts
187
d. Other types of contracts
187
da. Rental Contracts
187
db. Contract of Loan of an Object for Use and Contract of Loan of an Object for Consume
187
e. Contracts of bailment
188
f. Contracts of guarantee
188
2. Contracts that are not regulated in the Code
188
a. Combined Contracts
188
b. Mixed Contracts
188
BIBLIOGRAPHY
189
CHAPTER 11
TURKISH INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Ömer UĞUR
191
SECTION I GENERAL
191
I. Basic Concepts of Individual Labour Law
191
SECTION II TYPES OF CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT
193
I. General
193
II. Transitory and Continual Contract of Employment
193
A. Transitory Contract of Employment
193
B. Continual Contract of Employment
193
C. Results of the Division
194
III. Contract of Employment with Indefinite Term and Definite Term
194
A. Contract of Employment with Indefinite Term
194
B. Contract of Employment with Definite Term
194
1. Legal ments of the Contract of Employment with Definite Term
195
IV. Part Time and Full Time Contract of Employment
196
V. Contract of Employment with Trial Clause
196
SECTION III TERMINATION OF CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT
198
III. Situations that Terminates the Contract of Employment
198
A. Mutual Rescission
198
B. End of the Fixed Term
198
C. Death
199
II. Termination of the Contract of Employment with Notice
199
A. General
199
B. Termination Notice Periods
199
C. Pay in Lieu of Notice
200
III. Termination of the Contract of Employment with Notice that Contains a Valid Ground
201
A. General
201
B. Valid Grounds for Termination
201
C. Reemployment Lawsuit
202
IV. Rightful Termination of the Contract of Employment
202
A. General
203
B. Termination of Contract by Employees
203
1. Health issues
203
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith
203
3. Act of providence
204
C. Termination of Contract by Employers
205
1. Health issues
205
2. Situations that are against the moral rules and good faith
205
3. Act of providence
206
4. Absence of employee due to arrestmentcustody
207
BIBLIOGRAPHY
208
CHAPTER 12
TURKISH COLLECTIVE LABOUR LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Muhammed İsmail ÇEKİÇ
209
SECTION I GENERAL INFORMATION
209
SECTION II TRADE UNIONS
211
I. General
211
A. Definition and Formation
211
B. Membership
212
C. Organs
212
II. Freedom of Association
213
A. Aspects of the Freedom of Association
213
B. Individual Freedom of Association
213
1. “Positive” Freedom of Association
213
2. “Negative” Freedom of Association
213
C. Collective Freedom of Association
214
III. Protection
214
A. Protection of workers’ trade union management (İşçi kuruluşu yöneticiliğinin güvencesi)
214
B. Protection of shop stewards (İşyeri sendika temsilciliğinin güvencesi)
214
C. Guarantee of freedom of trade union
214
1. Discrimination During Employment
215
2. Discrimination Regarding Working Conditions
215
3. Discrimination Regarding Termination
215
IV. Dissolution of Trade Unions
215
SECTION III COLLECTIVE LABOUR AGREEMENT
216
I. General
216
A. Types of CLA
216
1. Workplace CLA
216
2. Management CLA
216
3. Group CLA
217
B. CLA Capacity and Power
217
C. Collective Bargaining Process (Toplu Görüşme Süreci)
218
1. Invitation to Collective Bargaining
218
2. Commencement and Period of Collective Bargaining
218
3. Disputes During Collective Bargaining
218
D. Strike and Lock–Out
219
1. General
219
2. Lawful Strike and Lock–Out
219
3. Strike Vote
220
4. Prohibitions of Strikes and Lock–Outs
220
5. Execution of Strike and Lock–Out
220
6. Effects of a Lawful StrikeLock–Out on Contracts of Employment
221
7. Consequences of an Unlawful StrikeLock–Out
221
8. Decision to End a StrikeLock–Out
221
BIBLIOGRAPHY
223
CHAPTER 13
TURKISH SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Res. Asst. Ebru KARABACAK
225
I. CONCEPT OF SOCIAL INSURANCE
225
II. TECHNIQUES USED FOR SOCIAL INSURANCE
225
II. QUALIFICATIONS OF SOCIAL INSURANCE
226
IV. THE SOCIAL INSURANCE INSTITUTION
227
V. FINANCING OF SOCIAL SECURITY
228
VI. INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE CONSIDERED TO BE INSURED
229
A. Insurance of Individuals Working Dependently
229
1. Individuals who are considered to be fully insured
229
2. Individuals who are considered to be partially insured
229
B. Insurance of Independent Workers
230
C. Insurance of Public Servants
230
VII. INDIVIDUALS NOT DEEMED TO BE INSURANCE HOLDERS
230
VIII. TYPES OF SOCIAL INSURANCE
231
A. Work Accident and Occupational Diseases Insurance
231
B. Illness Insurance
232
C. Maternity Insurance
233
D. Disability Insurance
233
E. Old–Age Insurance
234
F. Survivors’ Insurance
235
G. Unemployment Insurance
235
H. General Health Insurance
236
IX. PERSONAL RETIREMENT
236
X. SOCIAL ASSISTANCES AND SERVICES
236
BIBLIOGRAPHY
238
CHAPTER 14
TURKISH LAW ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Prof. Dr. M. Refik KORKUSUZ, Asst. Prof. Dr. M. Halit KORKUSUZ
239
SECTION I TASKS OF THE STATE
239
I. Importance of Ensuring Occupational Health and Safety
239
II. Constitutional Basis of Occupational Health and Safety
239
III. Occupational Health and Safety Regulations
240
IV. National Council of Occupational Health and Safety
240
V. Insurance Premium Reinforcement System
240
VI. Inspection of Occupational Health and Safety
240
SECTION II EMPLOYERS’ DUTIES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORKSITE
241
I. Employers’ Duties
241
A. Duty to Take All Necessary Precautions
241
B. Duty to Supervise
241
C. Duty of Training and Informing
241
D. Duty to Perform Risk Assessment
242
E. Duty to Perform Healthcare Supervision
242
F. Duty to Report Work Accident and Record Keeping
243
G. Other Duties
243
II. Organization of the Worksite about Occupational Health and Safety
243
A. Committee of Occupational Health and Safety (İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kurulu)
243
B. Occupational Safety Experts (İş Güvenliği Uzmanları)
244
C. Occupational Physicians (İşyeri Hekimleri)
244
D. Worksite Health and Safety Unit (İşyeri Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi) and Health and Safety Joint Unit (Ortak Sağlık ve Güvenlik Birimi)
245
SECTION III EMPLOYEES’ RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
246
I. Employees’ Rights
246
A. Right to Abstain from Work
246
B. Right to Participate
247
C. Right to File a Complaint to Administrative Authorities (İhbar Hakkı)
247
D. Right to Terminate the Employment Contract with Valid Reason
248
II. Employees’ Duties
248
SECTION IV OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SANCTIONS
250
I. Administrative Sanctions
250
A. Administrative Fines
250
B. Suspension of the work
250
C. Disqualification from tendering
251
II. Penal Sanctions
251
III. Legal Sanctions
251
BIBLIOGRAPHY
252
CHAPTER 15
LAW OF COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
Res. Asst. Emin ÇAMURCU
253
SECTION I COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
254
I. Elements of Commercial Enterprise
254
A. Aiming to Produce an Income Higher Than the Artisan Enterprise
254
B. Continuity
254
C. Independence
255
II. Contracts Related with Commercial Enterprises
255
SECTION II NOTIONS RELATED TO COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
256
I. MERCHANT
256
A. Identifying a Merchant
256
1. Natural Persons
256
2. Legal Persons
256
B. Consequences of Being a Merchant
257
1. Bankruptcy
257
2. Role of Commercial Usage and Custom
258
3. Impossibility to Request Reduction of the FeeContractual Penalty
258
4. Right to Demand Payment of a Remuneration and Interest
258
II. Commercial Affair (Ticari İş)
258
A. Presumption of Commercial Affair
259
B. Consequences of Qualifying an Affair as Commercial Affair
260
1. Presumption of Joint Liability
260
2. Interest in Commercial Affairs
260
3. Statute of Limitation Periods in Commercial Affairs
261
II. Commercial Clauses
261
IV. Merchant Assistants
263
A. Commercial Representative (Ticari Temsilci)
263
B. Commercial Delegate (Ticari Vekil)
264
C. Agent (Acente)
265
BIBLIOGRAPHY
267
CHAPTER 16
TURKISH COMPANY LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferna İPEKEL KAYALI
269
SECTION I OVERVIEW OF COMPANY LAW IN TURKEY
269
I. GENERAL
269
II. COMMERCIAL COMPANIES
270
SECTION II CAPITAL COMPANIES
272
I. JOINT STOCK COMPANIES
272
A. General Assembly
273
B. Board of Directors
277
C. Shareholders’ Rights
279
1. Personal Rights of the Shareholders
279
a. Right of participation in the GM:
279
b. Right to vote:
280
c. Right to information and examination:
280
d. Right to request the appointment of special audit:
281
e. Right to request the nullity of GM resolutions:
281
2. Financial Rights of the Shareholders
282
D. Share Transfer
282
II. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES
282
A. General Assembly
284
B. Directors
286
C. Share Transfer
287
BIBLIOGRAPHY
289
CHAPTER 17
TURKISH LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
Res. Asst. Hasan Onur AKAY
291
SECTION I GENERAL
291
I. Definition and Legislation
291
II. Elements and Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments
292
A. Elements of Negotiable Instruments
292
B. Characteristics of Negotiable Instruments
292
III. Classification of Negotiable Instruments
293
A. Classification Based on the Right Embodied in the Instrument
293
1. Instruments Embodying a Monetary Claim (Alacak Senetleri)
293
2. Commodity Instruments (Emtia Senetleri)
293
3. Equity/Share Instruments (Pay Senetleri)
293
4. Instruments That Serve to Participate in Capital Companies (Ortaklığa Katılma Senetleri)
294
5. Combined Instruments (Karma Nitelikli Senetler)
294
B. Classification Based on the Transfer Procedure of the Instrument
294
1. Registered Negotiable Instruments (Nama Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak)
294
2. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Order (Emre Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak)
295
3. Negotiable Instruments Payable to Bearer (Hamile/Hamiline Yazılı Kıymetli Evrak)
295
SECTION II COMMERCIAL PAPERS
296
I. General
296
II. Bills of Exchange
296
A. Form of a Bill of Exchange
296
B. Transfer of Bills of Exchange
297
C. Acceptance (Kabul)
299
D. Recourse for Non–AcceptanceNon–Payment
300
E. Period of Limitation
300
III. Promissory Notes
300
A. General
300
B. Form of a Promissory Note
301
C. Period of Limitation
301
IV. Checks
302
A. General
302
B. Form of a Check
302
C. Period of Presentation
304
D. Transfer of Checks
304
E. Recourse for Non–Payment
305
F. Period of Limitation
305
BIBLIOGRAPHY
306
CHAPTER 18
TURKISH MARITIME LAW
Asst. Prof. Dr. Hacı KARA
307
SECTION I SOURCES OF THE TURKISH MARITIME LAW
307
I. General
307
II. Provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code That Are Related With Maritime Commerce
308
SECTION II SHIP AND OWNERSHIP OF SHIP
309
I. Vessel (Ship)
309
A. Definition and Legal Nature
309
1. Definition
309
2. Legal Nature
309
B. Ship’s Register
309
1. National Ship’s Register
310
a. The ships which can lawfully be registered in the Ship’s Register
310
b. The Ships which cannot be registered in the Ship’s Register
310
2. Turkish International Ship’s Register
310
II. Exercitor Navis and Operator
311
A. Exercitor Navis (Donatan)
311
B. Ship Operator (Disponent Owner)
311
SECTION III MASTER
312
SECTION IV MARITIME COMMERCE CONTRACTS
313
I. Bareboat Charter Party
313
II. Time Charter Party
313
III. Contract Of Affreightment
313
A. Definition and Types of Affreightment Contracts
314
1. Definition
314
2. Types
314
a. Voyage Charter (Sefer Çarteri)
314
aa. Full Charter (Tam Çarter)
314
ab. Partial Charter (Kısmi Çarter)
314
b. Contracts in Liner Shipping (Kırkambar Sözleşmesi)
314
B. Persons Involved in the Affreightment Contract
314
1. Carrier
314
2. Charterer
315
3. Shipper
315
4. Consignee (Receiver)
315
C. Liability of the Carrier
315
1. Duration for Which the Carrier is Liable
315
2. Duration for Acceptance of Delay and the Loss of Goods
316
IV. Contract of Carriage of Passengers
316
SECTION V MARINE ACCIDENTS
317
I. General Average
317
II. Collision
317
III. Salvage
317
SECTION VI MARITIME LIENS AND ENFORCEMENT
318
I. Maritime Liens
318
II. Maritime Enforcement
318
SECTION VII LIMITATION OF LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION OF LOSSES ARISING FROM OIL POLLUTION
321
I. Liability for Sea Pollution
321
II. Limitation of Liability
321
BIBLIOGRAPHY
322
CHAPTER 19
TURKISH INSURANCE LAW
Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Barış GÜNAY
325
SECTION I INTRODUCTION
325
SECTION II THE INSURANCE ACT (LAW NO. 5684)
327
I. Insurance and Reinsurance Companies (Sigorta ve Reasürans Şirketleri)
327
II. Intermediaries (Sigorta Aracıları)
327
III. Supervision
328
IV. Assurance Account (Güvence Hesabı)
328
V. Insurance Arbitration Scheme (Sigorta Tahkim Sistemi)
328
SECTION III INSURANCE CONTRACTS
330
I. General Provisions
330
A. Obligations and Duties of the Insurer
331
1. Obligation to carry the risk
331
2. Pre–contractual information duty
331
3. Obligation to issue and deliver policy
332
4. Obligation to pay expenses
332
5. Obligation to pay indemnity
332
B. Obligations and Duties of the Insured
332
1. Obligation to pay premium
332
2. Duty of disclosure
333
3. Duty to Provide Information and to Allow Investigation
333
4. Duty to Prevent LossIncrease in Loss
333
II. Special Provisions
334
A. Indemnity Insurances (Zarar Sigortaları)
334
1. Property Insurance (Mal Sigortası)
334
2. Liability Insurance (Sorumluluk Sigortası)
334
B. Personal Insurances (Can Sigortaları)
335
1. Life Insurance (Hayat Sigortası)
335
2. Accident Insurance (Kaza Sigortası)
335
3. Sickness Insurance and Health Insurance (Hastalık ve Sağlık Sigortası)
335
BIBLIOGRAPHY
336
CHAPTER 20
TURKISH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
Res. Asst. Dr. Özgür ARIKAN
337
SECTION I Trade Mark Law
338
I. Definition and Registrability of Trade Mark
338
II. Functions of Trade Mark
339
III. Registration of Trade Mark
339
IV. Absolute and Relative Grounds for Refusal
340
V. Trade Mark Protection
343
VI. Duration of Trade Mark Registration
344
SECTION II Patent Law
345
I. Patentability
345
II. Registration, Grant and Ownership of Patent
346
III. Employee Inventions
347
IV. Duration
348
V. Protection of Patent
348
VI. Infringement of Patent Rights
349
BIBLIOGRAPHY
350
CHAPTER 21
TURKISH CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW
Res. Asst. Elif Irmak KILIÇ
351
I. General
351
II. Competence and Venue: Where to Commence an Action
352
A. Jurisdictional Branches and Court Organization
352
B. Competence and Venue
352
III. LAWSUIT
355
A. General
355
B. Parties
355
C. Phases of a Lawsuit
357
1. Exchange of Petitions (Pleading) Phase (Dilekçeler Aşaması)
357
2. Preliminary Investigation Phase (Ön İnceleme Aşaması)
358
3. Investigation Phase (Tahkikat)
359
4. Oral Hearings and Rendering of the Verdict (Sözlü Yargılama ve Hükmün Verilmesi)
360
IV. Interim Measures (Geçici Hukuki Korumalar)
360
V. Legal Remedies
361
A. General
361
B. Appeal Procedure After the Launch Date of Regional Courts of Appeal (Provisions in the CCP Law No. 6100)
362
BIBLIOGRAPHY
365
CHAPTER 22
TURKISH EXECUTION LAW
Res. Asst. Nefise Gökçen GÜRCAN
367
I. General
367
II. Scope of Application
368
III. Basic Concepts and Organization of Turkish Execution Law
368
A. Credit–Debt and Creditor–Debtor in the EBC
368
B. The Executive Organization
369
1. Execution Offices (Art. 1 EBC) (İcra Daireleri)
369
2. Execution Courts (Art. 4 EBC) (İcra Mahkemeleri)
369
3. Relevant Chambers of the Supreme Court
371
IV. Complaint Procedure (Art. 16 – 18 EBC) (Şikayet)
371
A. Legal Character and Function of the Complaint Procedure
371
B. Grounds for Complaint
372
1. Unlawfulness of the Execution Offices’ Actions
372
2. Inappropriateness of the Act to the Circumstances
372
3. Failure to Implement a Right
373
4. Impediment of Observance of a Right Without a Cause
373
C. Procedure
373
1. Limitation Period
374
2. Competence and Venue
374
V. Types of Execution Procedures
374
A. General
374
B. General Attachment Procedure (Art. 46–144 EBC) (Genel Haciz Yoluyla Takip)
375
1. Request for Execution (Art. 58 EBC) (Takip Talebi)
375
2. Order of Payment (Art. 60–61 EBC) (Ödeme Emri)
376
3. Attachment (Art. 78 et seq. EBC)
376
4. Sale of the Attached Goods (Art. 106–137 EBC)
377
5. Reimbursement of the Creditor (Art. 138–144/a EBC)
378
VI. Provisional Attachment Procedure (İhtiyati Haciz)
378
A. General
378
B. Definition and Legal Character of Provisional Attachment
378
C. Conditions of Provisional Attachment
379
1. Provisional Attachment for Due Debts
379
2. Provisional Attachment for Deferred Debts
380
D. Procedure
380
BIBLIOGRAPHY
382
CHAPTER 23
TURKISH BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY LAW
Res. Asst. Mehmet Akif GÜL
383
I. Turkish Bankruptcy Law
383
A. General
383
B. Bankruptcy Bodies
384
1. Official Bodies
384
a. Fundamental Official Bodies
384
aa. Execution Office
384
ab. Bankruptcy Office
385
ac. Execution Court
385
ad. Commercial Court of First Instance
385
ae. Court of Appeal
386
b. Subsidiary Official Bodies
386
2. Non–Official Bodies
386
C. Grounds for Bankruptcy
386
II. Turkish Insolvency Law
387
A. Postponement of Bankruptcy (İflâsın Ertelenmesi)
387
1. Grounds for Postponement of Bankruptcy
388
a. Procedural Grounds
388
aa. Declaration of Over–indebtedness
388
ab. Request for Postponement of Bankruptcy
388
ac. Submission of the Balance–Sheet
388
ad. Submission of the Rehabilitation Project
389
ae. Payment of the Costs in Advance
389
af. Not to Have Availed of the Extraordinary Grace Period (Fevkalâde Mühlet)
389
b. Substantive Grounds
389
ba. Over–indebtedness
389
bb. Hope to Ensure the Continuance of the Company
390
bc. Protection of Creditors’ Rights
390
B. Reorganisation (Konkordato)
390
1. Ordinary Reorganisation (Adî Konkordato)
391
a. Reorganisation outside Bankruptcy (İflâs Dışı Konkordato)
391
aa. Reorganisation Proposal
391
ab. Examination of the Reorganisation Proposal
391
ac. Respite for Concordat
391
ad. Results of the Respite for Concordat
392
ae. Annulment of the Respite for Concordat
392
af. Creditors’ Meeting
393
ag. Approval of the Reorganisation Project
393
ah. Annulment of the Reorganisation Project
394
b. Reorganisation within Bankruptcy (İflâs İçi Konkordato)
394
2. Reorganisation by way of Abandonment of the Debtor’s Assets (Malvarlığının Terki Suretiyle Konkordato)
395
C. Restructuring of Capital Stock Companies and Cooperatives by Way of Conciliation (Sermaye Şirketleri ve Kooperatiflerin Uzlaşma Yoluyla Yeniden Yapılandırılması)
396
III. Action for Rescission of Disposition – Actio Pauliana (Tasarrufun İptali Davası)
398
BIBLIOGRAPHY
400
CHAPTER 24
TURKISH PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
Res. Asst. Kazım ÇINAR
403
SECTION I GENERAL INTRODUCTION
403
SECTION II CONFLICT OF LAWS
405
I. General Issues
405
II. Conflict of Law Provisions
406
SECTION III INTERNATIONAL PROCEDURAL LAW
410
I. Jurisdictional Immunity
410
II. International Jurisdiction of Turkish Courts
411
III. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
412
IV. International Arbitration
413
SECTION IV TURKISH CITIZENSHIP LAW
415
I. General
415
II. Acquisition of Turkish Citizenship
415
III. Loss of Turkish Citizenship
417
A. Loss of Turkish citizenship by decision of the competent authority
417
B. Loss of Turkish Citizenship by the use of the right of choice
418
SECTION V LAW OF FOREIGNERS
420
I. General
420
II. Residence Permit
421
III. Work Permit
421
IV. Possession of Land in Turkey
422
BIBLIOGRAPHY
424
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Temel Hukuk Bilgisi
Polat Tunçer
Turkish Private Law
Mehmet Refik Korkusuz, Ferna İpekel Kayalı
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Yaşar Salihpaşaoğlu
Hukukun Temel Kavramları
Enver Bozkurt
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